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Biomedical subjects

H Okuno

Publications and source records attributed to H Okuno.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Grating Discs: a simplified method of testing vision in infants and young children.

We have developed a simple new method of evaluating visual function in young children about 15 to 36 months of age. Our Grating Discs system consists of six discs with a striped pattern and one homogeneous disc. One striped disc and the homogeneous disc are presented simultaneously, and the examiner observes whether the subject can discriminate between the two. The patterned discs have vertical stripes of different widths from 16 to 0.5 mm. At a testing distance of 57 cm, the visual resolution required for discriminating the grating ranges from 96 min of arc (0.01) to 3 min of arc (0.33) in one-octave steps; at a testing distance of 114 cm the required resolution ranges from 48 min (0.02) to 1.5 min (0.67). Using this system, we evaluated the visual acuity of normal infants and young children. Their ability to discriminate the finer gratings improved with increasing age, and more than 90% of the normal subjects in the 36-month group tested at 0.67. We also examined young children with known ocular pathologies and compared the results with acuity measurements obtained with the preferential looking test. The latter method gave acuities slightly better than those from the Grating Disc system, but the finding with the two techniques were generally in good agreement. Grating Discs are a simple, compact, effective tool for rapid assessment of visual function in young children.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of inhibitory effects of new quinolones on drug metabolizing activity in the liver.

The effects of three new quinolones (enoxacin (ENX), norfloxacin (NFLX) and ofloxacin (OFLX] on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rats were examined and compared with their effects on the elimination half-life (T1/2) of theophylline (in vivo) and on the 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) O-deethylase activity in liver microsomes (in vitro). ENX, NFLX and OFLX (75 or 300 mg/kg) were administered orally to rats 1 hr before, simultaneously with, and 1 hr after the acetaminophen injection (800 mg/kg). Biochemical liver function tests, drug metabolizing activity in liver microsomes, the total glutathione content of the liver and histological changes were examined 5 hr after the acetaminophen injection. ENX markedly reduced acetaminophen-induced liver injury and NFLX slightly but significantly did so, but no protective effect was observed with OFLX treatment. ENX markedly and NFLX slightly prolonged the T1/2 of theophylline, but OFLX did not affect it. In addition, ENX markedly and NFLX slightly inhibited the 7-EC O-deethylase activity in liver microsomes, but OFLX again had no effect. These findings indicated that ENX markedly inhibited the activity of cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes and NFLX did so slightly, while OFLX had no such effect. Slight variations in the structures of these quinolones might explain the differences in their effects on cytochrome P-450 activity.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1990

[Primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: a report of two cases].

We report two cases of primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder. Case 1. A 61-year-old man was hospitalized with the chief complaints of gross hematuria, dysuria and headache. The patient had a history of hypertension. Cystoscopy disclosed a nonpapillary, sessile tumor in the retrotrigonum of the bladder. An attack of paroxysmal hypertension was induced by bimanual palpation of the tumor, and paraganglioma was suspected. Partial cystectomy with staging pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed. Case 2. A 65-year-old man was hospitalized with the chief complaints of gross hematuria and urinary retention. The patient had no history of hypertension. Cystoscopy disclosed a nonpapillary tumor in the right lateral wall of the bladder. Transurethral resection was performed with no cardiovascular complication. Prostatic needle biopsy showed the histological evidence of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Radical retropubic prostatectomy with limited lymphadenectomy was performed. There was no histological evidence of lymph node involvement of paraganglioma or adenocarcinoma. The histological and biochemical examinations revealed a chromaffin positive, functioning and non-malignant tumor in Case 1, and a chromaffin negative, non-functioning and non-malignant tumor in Case 2. In total, 29 cases of primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder have been so far reported in Japan. The tumor recurrence, multiple or metastases were recorded in 8 of 29 cases (27.6%), mainly in regional lymph node metastases. We recommend lymphadenectomy at the initial operation, irrespective of pathological finding of the primary paraganglioma of the urinary bladder.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Desmoplastic fibroma of the temporal bone.

A desmoplastic fibroma is a rare entity in the temporal bone. An 86-year-old woman was seen for evaluation of ear discharge and stenosis of the ear canal with a mass involving the post-auricular region. The tumor was found to be a desmoplastic fibroma. The clinical picture, pathology, diagnosis and prognosis of the tumor are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of the effects of various inducers on 7-alkoxycoumarin O-dealkylase activities in liver microsomes.

The effects of six inducers and malotilate on 7-alkoxycoumarin O-dealkylase activities in rat liver microsomes were examined. Phenobarbital (PB) (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to rats for 6 days; 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) (40 mg/kg), beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) (40 mg/kg), isosafrole (150 mg/kg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (100 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally for 3 days; isoniazid (INH) (50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for 10 days; and malotilate (500 mg/kg) was administered orally for 3 days. The O-dealkylase activities toward 7-methoxycoumarin (7-MC), 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) and 7-propoxycoumarin (7-PC) were examined 24 hr after the final administration of the drugs. The ratios of 7-EC O-deethylase and 7-PC O-depropylase to 7-MC O-demethylase activity in the control and six inducer-treated groups were compared. The ratios in the groups treated with the six compounds, each of which induces a different form(s) of cytochrome P-450 (P-450), were clearly different from each other. Therefore, the measurement of 7-alkoxycoumarin O-dealkylase activities should be extremely useful for the routine determination of the molecular species of P-450. On the other hand, the ratio in the malotilate-treated group was different from that in any other inducer-treated group, so that there might be a possibility that malotilate induced a form(s) of P-450 that is different from any of the already known species.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗
PubMed1989

[Restorative effect of muroctasin; MDP-Lys (L18) [DJ-7041] on leukopenia in urogenital cancer patients treated with chemotherapy].

Muroctasin, a derivative of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), increases WBC count through induction of the colony stimulating factor (CSF). This action of muroctasin is useful to treat cancer patients with leukopenia on chemotherapy. Urogenital cancer patients were randomized to either a 50 micrograms or 100 micrograms dose group of muroctasin when the WBC count dropped below 3,000/cmm in the first cycle of chemotherapy. The patients were then subcutaneously treated with muroctasin once daily for 6 consecutive days, and restoration of their WBC count determined. Out of the 32 patients who were enrolled in the study, 25, 24 and 23 patients were assessed for safety, usefulness and efficacy, respectively. The 100 micrograms dose was more effective in restoring the WBC count than the 50 micrograms dose based on the evaluation by the physicians. This result was also confirmed when we used the criteria for evaluation of adverse reactions as recommended by the Japanese guidelines for evaluation of efficacy of chemotherapy on solid tumors. Mild fever and reaction at the injection site were noted in 16% (4/25). In conclusion, muroctasin is useful for leukopenia after chemotherapy.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
PubMed1989

[Urinary continence in patients undergoing nerve sparing radical prostatectomy].

Recently, the morbidity of radical prostatectomy has been reduced by improvements in surgical techniques and greater understanding of pelvic anatomy. The nerve sparing technique has been considered to be a major contribution to this advance. In our study, urinary control was compared in 33 consecutive patients undergoing a radical retropubic prostatectomy. In 13 patients, a conventional radical prostatectomy was performed and in 20 subsequent patients, a nerve sparing operation was performed. The staff surgeons were the same throughout the study. The age of the patients and pathological stage of the tumor were not significantly different between the groups. The operative time was shorter and intraoperative blood loss was less both significantly in the nerve sparing group. In the conventional operated group, there was one patient with total incontinence and two with significant incontinence requiring absorbable pads. In the nerve sparing group, there were no patients having total incontinence and one had stress incontinence requiring absorbable pads. Urethral pressure profile was measured postoperatively in 17 in the nerve sparing group and in 7 in the conventional group. The maximum urethral pressure in the nerve sparing group was 31.5 cm H2O (SD = 5.4) and in the conventional group 23.2 cm H2O (SD = 5.7) with a significant difference between groups (p less than 0.01). The functional urethral length of the nerve sparing group was 16.7 mm (SD = 5.2) and in the conventional group 13.3 mm (SD = 3.7) with no significant difference between the groups. These results suggest that preservation of neurovascular bundles from the pelvic plexus during radical prostatectomy has no important role in postoperative urinary continence.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Prostatic adenocarcinoma: nodal involvement and prognosis of stage D1 patients].

Between 1982 and 1988, 70 patients with proved prostatic adenocarcinoma in stages A2 to C underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy. Median followup has been 30 months. Radial prostatectomy was done in 37 patients, 3 of whom were followed by immediate hormone therapy. Twenty eight patients received radiotherapy alone except one combined with hormone therapy. The remaining 5 patients were treated hormonaly alone. Pelvic lymph node metastases were noted in 21 of the 70 patients (30%). High stage and poor histological differentiation were associated with a significantly higher probability of pelvic lymph node metastases. Poor histological differentiation was more likely to be found in patients with multiple or gross node involvement. Progression of the disease, almost exclusively bony metastases, occurred in 10 of the 21 patients who had positive pelvic nodes and in 7 of the 49 patients with negative nodes (p less than 0.01). According to Kaplan-Meier projections, 1, 3 and 5 year percent disease free survival were, respectively; 73%, 32% and 32% for patients with positive node, and 93%, 82% and 75% for patients with negative nodes. Disease-free survival of stage D1 patients was significantly worse than that of patients with negative nodes (p less than 0.001, Generalized-Wilcoxon test). We divided 21 patients with pelvic nodal metastases into subgroups based upon the volume and extent of nodal disease; 7 patients with a single microscopic nodal involvement and 14 patients with multiple or gross nodal involvement. There was no significant difference in disease free survival between the two groups. 9 of the 21 patients were given hormonal treatment immediately and on the contrary, 12 were followed without hormonal treatment. However, projected disease free survival differed little between the groups. These data suggest that patients with positive nodes appear to have equivalent adverse biologic potential and should be considered candidates for early systemic treatment.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

[Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for superficial bladder tumor: experience of 13 cases].

We treated 13 patients with superficial bladder cancer via intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for 1) prophylaxis of recurrent tumor (prophylaxis group, 8 patients), and 2) therapy of carcinoma in situ (CIS group, 5 patients), with a mean follow up of 13.3 and 14.2 months, respectively. BCG (Tokyo 172 strain) was given intravesically (80 mg in 40 ml, saline) weekly for 8 weeks after transurethral resection or biopsies. In the prophylaxis group, the recurrence rate per 100 patient-months was significantly decreased from 16.1 to 2.83, before and after the BCG therapy (p less than 0.005, chi-square). In 6 patients on whom previous intravesical chemotherapy (MMC and/or ADM) was unsuccessful, the recurrence rate at 100 patient-months was significantly decreased from 15.3 to 2.33, before and after the BCG therapy (p less than 0.005, chi-square). Therefore, we considered that BCG therapy was effective for the patients on whom previous intravesical chemotherapy was unsuccessful. In the CIS group, urine cytology changed to negative in all patients after the BCG therapy. Four of the 5 patients had no recurrence for a mean follow up of 13.8 months. In our cases (12 cases), OKT-4, and OKT-8 proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes measured from immune reactions had not significantly changed after BCG therapy. This study suggests that BCG is effective not only in therapy of CIS, but in prophylaxis of previously treated cases.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed1988

Binocular function in unilateral aphakia. Correlation with aniseikonia and stereoacuity.

Aniseikonia and stereoacuity were measured in patients with unilateral aphakia, most of whom were postoperative senile cataract cases. The New Aniseikonia test was used to evaluate aniseikonia and the Titmus Stereotest to measure stereoacuity. Ninety cases were studied, 57 (63.3%) of which had intraocular lens (IOL) implants; 27 (30%) had extended-wear soft contact lenses; and six (6.7%) had spectacle lenses. In the IOL group, aniseikonia averaged 2.8%, and 39 patients (68.4%) had good stereoacuity. In the contact lens group, aniseikonia averaged 4.6%, and 11 (40.7%) had good stereoacuity. In the spectacle lens group, aniseikonia averaged 17.8%; none of the patients had good stereoacuity. The authors concluded that in cases with unilateral aphakia, correction with an IOL implant is superior to the other alternatives in achieving good binocular function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Anomaly of the round window a histopathological study using a graphic reconstruction method.

Although literature to date has reported that anomalies of the round window occur infrequently, no study to our knowledge has investigated such anomalies quantitatively. Thus, we developed a graphic reconstruction method and used it to study histology sections of the temporal bones. By this method we studied quantitatively the morphology of the round window of individuals with Mondini dysplasia of the inner ear and compared it to that of individuals with no anomaly. Iit was found that in 3 of 19 individuals with dysplasia, the total area of the round window was more than two standard deviations below the mean, thus small enough to be called anomalous. Moreover, the area of the round window was statistically significantly smaller in the ears from individuals with Mondini dysplasia, as a group, than in normal ears. This round window anomaly seems to be due to interruption of the normal development of the round window early in fetal life, as the result of poor development of the cartilage bar between the tympanic cavity and the subarachnoid space and also of the otic capsule in the hook portion of the basal turn of the cochlea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Genital Paget's disease with general metastasis: a case report].

A 74-year-old man with the chief complaint of ulceration of penile shaft and scrotal swelling was referred to our hospital on November 7, 1985. Biopsy specimen of the local lesion histologically revealed invasive adenocarcinoma with Paget's cell. Clinical studies revealed a high serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level and regional lymph node metastasis was highly suspected. We concluded that the patient was suffering from Stage II genital Paget's disease. Emasculation, bil-inguinal and pelvic lymph node dissection, and free skin mesh grafting were performed on December 24, 1985. Histological findings of the tumor confirmed Paget's disease and bil-inguinal and pelvic lymph node metastases. CEA staining showed CEA positive malignant cells in both the primary lesion and metastatic lymph nodes. After operation, the rapid deterioration of the patient's condition was accompanied by extremely high serum CEA levels, obstructive jaundice, and evidence of metastasis to the liver. He died 24 days after operation and autopsy could not be performed. We recommend aggressive treatment when clinical studies reveal invasion to the epidermis, high serum CEA levels and lymph node metastasis.

Aged↗