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Biomedical subjects

H Ohmori

Publications and source records attributed to H Ohmori.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Developmental neurotoxicity of phenytoin on granule cells and Purkinje cells in mouse cerebellum.

Phenytoin (PHT) is a primary antiepileptic drug. Cerebellar malformations in human neonates have been described following intrauterine exposure to PHT. The neonatal period of development in the cerebellum in mice corresponds to the last trimester in humans. To examine the neurotoxic effects of PHT in the developing cerebellum, we administered PHT orally to newborn mice once a day during postnatal days 2-4. We observed many apoptotic cells in the external granular layer (EGL) on postnatal day 5, labeled cells in the EGL still remaining 72 h after labeling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, and EGL thicker than that in the control on postnatal day 14. These results showed that PHT induced cell death of external granule cells and inhibited migration of granule cells in cerebella. In specimens immunostained with antibody against inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1, Purkinje cells in the treated group had poor and immature arbors, and partially showed an irregular arrangement. The motor performance of the treated mice in a rotating rod test was impaired, although there were no changes in muscular strength or in walking pattern at the period of maturity. These findings indicate that PHT induces neurotoxic damage to granule cells and Purkinje cells in the developing cerebellum and impairs selected aspects of motor coordination ability.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Major compared with limited hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma without underlying cirrhosis: a retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To find out if patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with no underlying cirrhosis benefit from major hepatic resection. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital, Japan. PATIENTS: 58 patients without cirrhosis and with HCC 10 cm in diameter or less. INTERVENTIONS: 25 had major and 33 had limited hepatic resections. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall and disease-free survival, and prognostic factors verified by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: 6 patients developed major complications (10%), two of whom died within 60 days of operation. There were no differences in postoperative morbidity and mortality between the two groups. The overall and disease-free survival were similar as was the incidence and pattern of intrahepatic tumour recurrence. Hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen (positive), tumour size (smaller than 3 cm), and surgical margin (clear) were favourable indicators of disease-free survival on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Major hepatic resection should not necessarily be done for HCC without cirrhosis but it is important to take an adequate surgical margin. Overall and disease-free survival are better in patients who are HBs-antigen positive than those who are negative because most of the latter are positive for hepatitis C virus.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Prognostic factors after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with Child-Turcotte class B and C cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prognostic factors after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with Child-Turcotte class B and C cirrhosis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although hepatic resection remains the mainstay in the treatment of HCC and can be performed with low morbidity and mortality rates in patients without cirrhosis, its role is poorly defined for patients with severe cirrhosis. METHODS: From 1986 to 1996, partial hepatectomy was performed for HCC in 63 patients with Child-Turcotte class B (n = 46) and C (n = 17) cirrhosis. There were 46 men and 17 women, with an average age of 61.2 years (range 35 to 79 years). Associated conditions were diabetes mellitus in 45, esophageal varices in 32, severe hypersplenism in 26, cholelithiasis in 13, gastroduodenal ulcer in 6, and hiatal hernia, gastric lymphoma, splenic abscess, and pancreatic cyst each in 1. Concomitant surgical procedures were performed for most of these conditions. RESULTS: Major complications occurred in 17 patients (27%), six (9.5%) of whom died within 1 month after surgery. The overall in-hospital death rate was 14.3%. Liver failure and intraabdominal sepsis were mostly fatal complications. The overall and disease-free survival rates, respectively, were 70.2% and 64.5% at 1 year, 43.5% and 23.8% at 3 years, and 21.4% and 14.9% at 5 years. Multivariate analysis with the Cox regression model revealed that favorable factors for survival were Child class B, no transcatheter arterial embolization before surgery, young age, and low alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level before surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic resection can provide a favorable result in young patients with HCC complicating Child class B cirrhosis with low hepatitis activity, but transcatheter arterial embolization before surgery should be avoided in such patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Clinical statistics of stage I testicular tumor].

PURPOSE: A survey of stage I testicular tumors in the Chugoku-Shikoku district was taken in order to explore the clinical characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and forty eight cases of stage I testicular tumor treated at 46 facilities in the Chugoku-Shikoku district between 1984 and 1992 were collected. Subjects' background factors, treatment methods and prognosis were studied. RESULTS: Tissue types were 249 (71.6%) seminoma and 99 (28.4%) non-seminoma. Adjuvant therapy for seminoma cases included 138 post-operative radiotherapy (4 recurrences, 3 cancer deaths), 57 chemotherapy (no recurrences, 2 contralateral testis tumor cases) and 48 were under surveillance (no recurrence). Adjuvant therapy for non-seminoma cases included 47 chemotherapy (1 recurrence) and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was performed on 6 cases. Forty cases were under surveillance (1 recurrence). Of 8 (2.3%) cases with recurrence, 6 showed onset within two years and 2 after two years. Four of the 8 cases with recurrence were seminoma (1.1% of seminoma cases) and the other 4 were non-seminoma (4.0% of non-seminoma cases). All 3 (0.9% of all cases) of the cancer death cases were seminoma that received post-operative radiotherapy, while there were no cancer deaths in non-seminoma cases. CONCLUSION: Prognosis of stage I testicular tumor is good. Although the recurrence rate was higher in non-seminoma cases, cancer deaths were only observed in seminoma cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Structural and functional analysis of the control region of the human DNA topoisomerase II alpha gene in drug-resistant cells.

We have previously shown that the DNA topoisomerase II alpha (topo II alpha) gene is down-regulated in VP16/VM26-resistant cells at the transcriptional level. To determine the DNA elements responsible for down-regulation, the transcriptional activities of luciferase reporter constructs containing various lengths of the promoter sequences were investigated by transient transfection of two resistant cell lines, KB/VP2 and KB/VM4. The transcriptional activities of the full-length promoter (-295 to +85) and of three deletion constructs (-197, -154 and -74 to +85) were significantly down-regulated in resistant cells. In contrast, the transcriptional activity of the minimal promoter (-20 to +85) in resistant cells was similar to that in parental KB cells. Furthermore, introduction of a mutation in ICE1 abolished the down-regulation of the topo II alpha promoter activity in drug-resistant cells. In vivo footprinting analysis of topo II alpha gene promoter revealed several specific protein-binding sites, a GC box, ICE1, ICE2 and ICE3. In vivo footprinting analysis also identified a cluster of hypersensitive sites. However, there was no marked difference in protein-binding sites between parental and resistant cells. To confirm our previous results, we have established the VP16-resistant cell lines T12-VP1 and T12-VP2 from T12 cells derived from human bladder cancer T24 cells stably transfected with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene driven by the topo II alpha gene promoter. The expression to topo II alpha was down-regulated in both cell lines. We also found that CAT gene expression was significantly decreased to one-fifth of that in T12 parental cells. These results suggest that the expression of the topo II alpha gene requires the binding of multiple factors to the core promoter and is down-regulated at the transcriptional level, probably through binding of a negative factor to ICE1 in drug-resistant cells.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1999

[Usefulness of combination therapy with expandable metallic stent replacement and FLEP chemotherapy (consisting of 5-FU, leucovorin, etoposide and cisplatin) for advanced esophageal cancer invading the bronchus: a case report].

A 63-year-old male with an esophageal cancer invading the bronchus was treated with radiation therapy (70 Gy) from November 1995, resulting in the disappearance of the lesion. He was later readmitted due to dysphagia from the recurrence of the esophageal cancer. We diagnosed, by endoscopic and chest CT scan findings, that the esophageal cancer was invading the right bronchus. We inserted an expandable metallic stent endoscopically, and the patient could eat well. We performed two courses of FLEP chemotherapy (consisting of 5-FU, leucovorin, etoposide and cisplatin) from November 12, 1997. He then suffered from an esophagobronchial fistula, but was cured by a covered expandable metallic stent replacement. No esophageal stenoses or recurrences were seen endoscopically and he could eat well on December 7, 1998. The standard modality of treatment for patients with advanced esophageal cancer invading adjacent structures is not yet established, and the prognosis for such patients remains quite poor. We performed combination therapy with an expandable metallic stent replacement and FLEP chemotherapy, and improved the patient's quality of life. This form of therapy was thus proved useful for patients with esophageal cancer invading adjacent structures.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1998

Beneficial effects of FK409, a novel nitric oxide donor, on reperfusion injury of rat liver.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) seems to play an important role in modulating tissue injury during reperfusion of the liver. In this study, we have evaluated and compared the effects of FK409 (FK), a potent spontaneous NO releaser, and L-arginine in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat liver. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 90 min of hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion. FK or L-arginine was used (intravenously) in two different doses for each drug (group I, 3.2 mg/kg FK; group II, 1.6 mg/kg FK; group IV, 100 mg/kg L-arginine; and group V, 300 mg/kg L-arginine). Saline was used in control animals (group III). Hepatic enzyme status, microcirculation, serum nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) and tissue injury score were evaluated at predetermined times. RESULTS: Serum NO2-/NO3- was elevated immediately by FK treatment dose-dependently but not by L-arginine. However, L-arginine caused late (6-24 hr) elevation of the NO metabolites dose-dependently. The elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was suppressed and hepatic microcirculation was improved in the FK-treated groups dose-dependently. L-Arginine also improved the microcirculation, but hepatic enzymes at 24 hr of reperfusion were significantly higher in group V than in the control group. These findings were well reflected by the extent of tissue injury in respective groups. CONCLUSION: FK treatment in the immediate reperfusion period improves hepatic microcirculation and confers a significant protective effect on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Expression of recombination activating genes in germinal center B cells: involvement of interleukin 7 (IL-7) and the IL-7 receptor.

Mouse germinal center (GC) B cells have been shown to undergo secondary V(D)J (V, variable; D, diversity; J, joining) recombination (receptor editing) mediated by the reexpressed products of recombination activating gene (RAG)-1 and RAG-2. We show here that interleukin (IL)-7 as well as IL-4 was effective in inducing functional RAG products in mouse IgD+ B cells activated via CD40 in vitro. Blocking of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) by injecting an anti- IL-7R monoclonal antibody resulted in a marked suppression of the reexpression of RAG-2 and subsequent V(D)J recombination in the draining lymph node of immunized mice, whereas RAG-2 expression was not impaired in immunized IL-4-deficient mice. Further, these peripheral B cells activated in vitro or in vivo were found to express IL-7R. These findings indicate a novel role for IL-7 and IL-7R in inducing receptor editing in GC B cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Inhibition of Escherichia coli RecA coprotease activities by DinI.

In Escherichia coli, the SOS response is induced upon DNA damage and results in the enhanced expression of a set of genes involved in DNA repair and other functions. The initial step, self-cleavage of the LexA repressor, is promoted by the RecA protein which is activated upon binding to single-stranded DNA. In this work, induction of the SOS response by the addition of mitomycin C was found to be prevented by overexpression of the dinI gene. dinI is an SOS gene which maps at 24.6 min of the E.coli chromosome and encodes a small protein of 81 amino acids. Immunoblotting analysis with anti-LexA antibodies revealed that LexA did not undergo cleavage in dinI-overexpressed cells after UV irradiation. In addition, the RecA-dependent conversion of UmuD to UmuD' (the active form for mutagenesis) was also inhibited in dinI-overexpressed cells. Conversely, a dinI-deficient mutant showed a slightly faster and more extensive processing of UmuD and hence higher mutability than the wild-type. Finally, we demonstrated, by using an in vitro reaction with purified proteins, that DinI directly inhibits the ability of RecA to mediate self-cleavage of UmuD.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1998

Existence of a bovine LINE repetitive insert that appears in the cDNA of bovine protein BCNT in ruminant, but not in human, genomes.

A novel protein, BCNT, originally isolated from bovine brain and named after Bucentaur, contains an internal portion that is translated from part of bovine LINE repetitive sequence (Bov-B LINE). Human cDNA highly homologous to the bovine bcnt (bbcnt) cDNA has been isolated but does not contain a sequence similar to the Bov-B LINE insert (Nobukuni, T., Kobayashi, M., Omori, A., Ichinose, S., Iwanaga, T., Takahashi, I., Hashimoto, K., Hattori, S., Kaibuchi, K., Miyata, Y., Masui, T., Iwashita, S., 1997. An Alu-linked repetitive sequence corresponding to 280 amino acids is expressed in a novel bovine protein, but not in its human homologue. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2801-2807). In this study, we conducted a polymerase chain reaction analysis to investigate whether such a Bov-B LINE insert is present in bcnt orthologs in other animals and in the genomic sequence of the human BCNT (hBCNT) gene. The results indicate that the Bov-B LINE insert is present in the genomic sequences of bcnt orthologs from sheep, goats, axis deer, and mouse deer (chevrotain), that is in Ruminantia, but not in pigs or human. Analysis of the bbcnt genomic sequence around the Bov-B LINE insert revealed a large part of the inserted Bov-B LINE sequence to be included in an exon; this is followed by a 54-nucleotide sequence that is highly homologous to Bov-B LINE in the 3'-side intron. The hBCNT gene was isolated and found to consist of seven exons and six introns, among which the intron corresponding to the Bov-B LINE insertion site in the bbcnt genome is 16.5kb in length with no sequence similar to Bov-B LINE. Based on these results, it seems likely that the Bov-B LINE insert is derived from a long Bov-B LINE repetitive sequence transposed to an ancestral bcnt gene in Ruminantia and reformed as a new exon through new splicing sites in the transposed sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

The role of GABAergic inputs for coincidence detection in the neurones of nucleus laminaris of the chick.

1. Synaptic inputs to nucleus laminaris (NL) neurones were studied in a brainstem slice preparation of chick embryos (E15-20) using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. NL neurones are third order auditory neurones and are proposed to behave as coincidence detectors concerned with interaural timing discrimination. 2. Under voltage clamp conditions, electrical stimuli applied to either ventral or dorsal dendritic layers evoked EPSCs. These fast currents decayed with a time constant of 1.1 ms near the resting potential, reversed close to 0 mV, and were blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 20 microM) or 6, 7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX, 20 microM). Coincident or near coincident stimulation of the ventral and the dorsal dendritic layers increased the probability of action potential generation (response probability). 3. In the presence of CNQX (40 microM) other postsynaptic currents (PSCs) were observed, which reversed close to the equilibrium potential for chloride (ECl), and were reversibly blocked by bicuculline (20 microM) and, therefore, were mediated by GABAA receptors. Spontaneous GABAergic PSCs were inward going near the resting membrane potential immediately after starting whole-cell recording with a low Cl- (5 mM, ECl = -90 mV) pipette medium, but became outward-going with time. This indicates that GABAergic inputs may generate depolarizing potentials in intact NL neurones. 4. Local GABA (10 microM) application reduced both the EPSP and EPSC amplitude and shortened the EPSP decay time constant (from 5.3 to 2. 1 ms), while the EPSC decay time constant was not affected (from 1.3 to 1.2 ms). These GABA effects were mostly due to the shunting conductance of the postsynaptic GABAA receptors. 5. Depolarizing current injections combined with electrical stimuli to a unilateral axon bundle simulated bilateral synaptic inputs. Response probability increased with decreased interstimulus intervals, while local GABA (10 microM) application to the soma narrowed the time dependence of the response probability. 6. These results suggest that GABAergic inputs to NL neurones may serve to improve coincidence detection of the bilateral excitatory inputs through an increase in membrane conductance.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗
PubMed1998

Rearrangement of lambda light chain genes in mature B cells in vitro and in vivo. Function of reexpressed recombination-activating gene (RAG) products.

V(D)J (V, variable; D, diversity; J, joining) combination of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes established in premature B cells has been thought to be conserved throughout differentiation at mature stages. However, germinal center (GC) B cells have been shown to reexpress recombination-activating gene (RAG)-1 and RAG-2 proteins in immunized mice. Here, we present several lines of evidence indicating that RAG proteins thus induced are functional as the V(D)J recombinase. DNA excision product reflecting Vlambda1 to Jlambda1 rearrangement was generated in parallel with the expression of RAG genes in mature mouse B cells that were activated in vitro with LPS and IL-4. Similar lambda chain gene rearrangement was observed in the draining lymph node of immunized mice. Further, B cells that underwent lambda gene rearrangement were shown by in situ PCR to be localized within GCs. Thus, secondary rearrangement of Ig genes (receptor editing) can occur in mature B cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Postnatal development of phase-locked high-fidelity synaptic transmission in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of the rat.

Synaptic transmission in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of rats was analyzed in postnatal days 4-13 (P4-P13) by applying the whole-cell patch-recording technique to brain slices. In P4-P6 animals, evoked EPSCs fluctuated extensively in amplitude and occurred in marked asynchrony, followed by spontaneous EPSCs. With development of animals, the evoked EPSCs increased in amplitude, and the rise time became faster. In addition, the synaptic transmission became phase-locked. The coefficient of variation (CV) of EPSC amplitude decreased with development (0.32 +/- 0.03 for P4-P5 and 0. 05 +/- 0.01 for P9-P11). The amplitude of miniature EPSCs did not change throughout the postnatal days investigated (-30.2 +/- 0.3 pA at -70 mV). The CV was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) and was reduced with the increase of [Ca2+]o, and this [Ca2+]o dependence was shifted toward lower [Ca2+]o with development. Direct patch recording of the presynaptic terminals demonstrated an increase in Ca2+ currents during these postnatal days. The phase-locked high-fidelity transmission in this synapse is achieved with development likely through the increase of Ca2+ currents and Ca2+ sensitivity of transmitter release mechanisms in the presynaptic terminal.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1998

Modulation of endothelin and nitric oxide: a rational approach to improve canine hepatic microcirculation.

ET receptor blocker (TAK-044) and NO donor (FK409) were used to improve the hepatic microcirculation following ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the first experiment (60 minutes of ischemia), 15 dogs were divided into three groups: group A (control), saline; group B, TAK 5 mg/kg; and group C, FK 0.4 mg/kg. In the second experiment (90 minutes of ischemia), 38 dogs were divided into six groups that underwent 90 minutes of hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion: group I (control), saline only; group II, TAK 5 mg/kg and FK 3.2 mg/kg; group III, TAK 5 mg/kg and FK 0.4 mg/kg; group IV, TAK 5 mg/kg; group V, FK 0.4 mg/kg; and group VI, FK3.2 mg/kg. All drugs were administered through the portal vein. Following 60 minutes of ischemia, both FK and TAK produced significant improvement in hepatic microcirculation and enzymatic status when compared with the control group. After 90 minutes of ischemia, low doses of FK and TAK significantly improved hepatic microcirculation and reduced portal pressure following reperfusion in group III compared with group I. Leakage of hepatic enzymes was prevented and tissue injury score was significantly lower in group III. In group VI, early protection was obtained to some extent; however, blood pressure was reduced significantly following reperfusion compared with group I. In contrast, hepatocellular function deteriorated and the tissue injury score was higher in group II animals. TAK pretreatment with low doses of FK provided the best protection for the hepatic microcirculation in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Study on surgical treatment for lung cancer associated with giant bullous disease].

Five patients of primary lung cancer with giant bullous disease underwent surgery from April 1985 to December 1995. All patients were male and heavy smokers, and the median age was 50 years. The location of the tumor was in the right upper lobe in four patients and in the left upper lobe in the other. Three patients were treated by lobectomy and two by sleeve lobectomy. Histological examination showed large cell carcinoma in four patients and poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma in the other. The pathological stage was I in three. IIIA in one, and IV in the other. Two of three in stage I have survived for more than 6 years postopertively without recurrence, and the other died of brain metastasis. The stage IIIA case and the IV case died 3 years and one year postoperatively, respectively. The clinical features of lung cancer associated with giant bullous disease was discussed by reviewing 33 patients reported in Japan, including our patients. In 13 patients, lung cancer and bullous disease were diagnosed simultaneously (group A), and in 20 patients, bullous disease were diagnosed prior to the appearance of an abnormal shadow due to lung cancer (group B). The patients in group B had a tendency to be diagnosed at an earlier stage of lung cancer than the patients in group A. In the patients of stage I, the 5-year survival rate was 78.6%, however, in the patients of more than stage IIIA, 3-year survival rate was 26.5% and the 5-year survival rate was 0%. Significant differences in the survival curves were demonstrated between the cases with stage I and the cases with more than stage IIIA. In conclusion, in order to improve the prognosis of lung cancer with giant bullous disease, it is considered to be important to detect giant bulla prior to lung cancer, and when a case of bullous disease is found, periodical follow-up must be done to find early stage lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Newly synthesized dihydropyridine derivatives as modulators of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance.

Newly synthesized 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives possessing alkyl chains at the 4-position screened whether they could overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in cultured cancer cells and also leukemia-bearing animals. Of these derivatives, some could overcome drug resistance to doxorubicin and vincristine in multidrug resistant human cancer cell lines. Combined administration of vincristine and some of the derivatives significantly increased the life span of P-glycoprotein overexpressing multidrug-resistant P388 leukemia-bearing mice. The calcium antagonistic activities, an undesirable effects, were weaker than that of verapamil. These results suggested that the introduction of alkyl groups at the 4-position were effective for both overcoming multidrug resistance and reducing the calcium antagonistic activity.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed1998

A phenytoin-sensitive cationic current participates in generating the afterdepolarization and burst afterdischarge in rat neocortical pyramidal cells.

We report here on the ionic mechanisms underlying the depolarizing afterpotential (DAP) in neocortical pyramidal cells, with special interest in those underlying the burst afterdischarge. Injections of short depolarizing current pulses under whole-cell current clamp with a CsCl-based internal medium generated, in most pyramidal cells, a single action potential with a plateau phase (plateau-AP), followed by a slowly decaying DAP both in the absence and presence of TTX. Under voltage-clamp, the same cells displayed a slow tail current (tail-I) at the offset of depolarization. When intracellular free Ca2+ was chelated with 10 mM BAPTA or when extracellular Ca2+ was replaced with equimolar Ba2+, neither the slow DAP nor the slow tail-I was observed. Extracellular application of Co2+ or Cd2+ reduced Ca2+ currents and the slow tail-I. Cation substitution experiments revealed that the channel generating the slow tail-I was permeable to K+ and Cs+ more than to Na+ (PK is approximately equal to PCs > PNa > PNMDG is approximately equal to PTEA). The cationic slow tail-I was not reduced by applying antagonists of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (MCPG, 1 mM) and the muscarinic receptor (atropine, 1-10 microM). Thus, the slow DAP was produced by activation of the cationic channel whose gating is solely dependent on [Ca2+]i. An increase in [K+]o from 3 to 6 or 9 mM enhanced the slow DAP, and resulted in a generation of burst afterdischarges. An anticonvulsant, phenytoin (PT; 1-10 microM) suppressed the slow DAP while enhancing the plateau-AP in the presence of TTX, most likely by blocking the cationic channel.

Animals↗