[Liver function tests: analysis of non-protein nitrogen, BUN, NH3 and amino acids].
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Amino Acids↗
Biomedical subjects
H Nagashima
Publications and source records attributed to H Nagashima.
[A case with multiple lymphomatous polyposis].
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Adult↗
Blood to brain transfer of carbon tetrachloride and lipoperoxidation in rat brain.
[14C]-Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) entered extensively into the liver and, to the small extent, into the brain 3 hr following the intragastric administration of the hepatotoxic dose. Although thiobarbituric acid (TBA) in the liver homogenates increased 12 hr after CCl4 administration, the brain showed little TBA values probably due to very low levels of chytochromes P-450 and b5 in the brain. These results suggest that CCl4 have no direct toxic effect upon the brain.
Animals↗
Column liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of the enantiomers of loxoprofen sodium and its metabolites in human urine.
A method for simultaneously quantitating the enantiomers in the alpha-substituted propionic acid moiety of loxoprofen and its two monohydroxy metabolites, trans- and cis-alcohols, by column liquid chromatography was described. Loxoprofen and its metabolites were readily converted to the amides by condensation with a chiral reagent (1S)-1-(4-dimethyl-aminonaphthalen-1-yl) ethylamine. The diastereoisomers were separated on a normal-phase column with n-hexane-ethylacetate (68:32) as a mobile phase and detected with a fluorescence detector. The established method was applied to the determination of the enantiomers of these compounds in the urine of human subjects having received loxoprofen sodium. The results indicated that the three compounds were largely composed of the (2S)-isomer, in accordance with previous findings in rats.
Adult↗
Lowering of liver acetaldehyde but not ethanol concentrations by pretreatment with taurine in ethanol-loaded rats.
A rise in blood and liver acetaldehyde concentrations following ethanol loading (1.5 g/kg b.wt) was significantly reduced when rats were pretreated orally with taurine (0.5 g/kg), a potent in vitro activator of yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase. This taurine pretreatment produced a 4-fold increase in liver taurine content.
Acetaldehyde↗
Tissue distribution of acetaldehyde in rats following acetaldehyde inhalation and intragastric ethanol administration.
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Acetaldehyde↗
Impaired acetaldehyde metabolism in partially hepatectomized rats.
Two-thirds hepatectomy in rats resulted in elevated blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels as compared to those of sham operated and CCl4-induced toxic injured rats. The acetaldehyde/ethanol ratio increased also. Although the liver mass regenerated within 3 days, ethanol metabolism remained disturbed. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was significantly diminished only following partial hepatectomy. The results suggest that abnormal ethanol and especially acetaldehyde metabolism in partially hepatectomized rats is not due simply to reduced liver tissue but to a diminished aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the remaining tissue.
Acetaldehyde↗
Hyperammonemia-induced cytotoxic brain edema under osmotic opening of blood-brain barrier in dogs.
Infusion of an ammonium acetate solution into dogs during mannitol-induced reversible opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) resulted in a marked rise in intracranial pressure with exclusion of Evans blue dye. This indicated cytotoxic brain edema. These findings suggest a role for hyperammonemia in cerebral edema during acute liver failure.
Acetates↗
Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters and ammonia metabolism in hepatic failure rats.
The molar ratio of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters (glutamate and aspartate) to inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters (r-aminobutyric acid, GABA, and glycine) in the brain was diminished in acute hepatic failure rats with hyperammonemia, brain edema, and abnormal electroencephalograms. The ratio was further decreased with a marked elevation of arterial and brain ammonia levels 30 min after ammonium acetate was administered i.p. to hepatic failure rats. A continuous infusion of a branched chain amino acid (BCAA) solution before and after the ammonia loading effectively reversed the ammonia-induced lowering of this ratio; high ammonia contents in the brain were concomitantly decreased. Infusing glutamate instead of the BCAA solution failed to produce similar effects probably because of limited entry of glutamate into the brain. The above results suggest that excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter (glutamate, aspartate, and GABA) levels in the brain of hepatic failure rats might vary with abnormal cerebral ammonia metabolism.
Ammonia↗
Effects of high hepatic acetaldehyde level following simultaneous administration of ethanol and cyanamide on liver function in rats.
Extremely high concentrations of hepatic acetaldehyde were induced in rats by the intragastric administration of ethanol and cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; and these high levels were maintained for 4 weeks. Liver function tests, including mitochondrial ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) and GOT activities, were within normal limits, and no increase in either hepatic triglyceride or collagen contents was observed. These results suggest that hepatotoxic effects of ethanol are not derived from the high acetaldehyde levels in the liver.
Acetaldehyde↗
Cellular immune responses in the acute exacerbation of hepatitis B e antigen-positive type B chronic hepatitis.
The compositions of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and liver biopsies from 29 patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive type B chronic hepatitis were studied by an indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method using monoclonal antibodies to surface antigens on pan T cells (Leu-1 +), cytotoxic/suppressor T cells (Leu-2a +), helper/inducer T cells (Leu-3a +), natural killer/killer cells (Leu-7 +), and B cells (Leu-10 +). In the peripheral blood during the acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B, the percentage of cytotoxic/suppressor T cells was decreased, and the ratio of helper/inducer to cytotoxic/suppressor cells was elevated corresponding to the peak of serum transaminase. In contrast, in liver biopsies obtained during acute exacerbation, numerous lymphocytes infiltrated sites of liver cell necrosis and were predominantly cytotoxic/suppressor cells. When compared with the liver biopsies obtained about 2 months after the peak of serum transaminase, cytotoxic/suppressor cells were significantly increased in those obtained during the acute exacerbation period. No significant change of the percentage of natural killer/killer cells was observed in either the peripheral blood or the liver during the acute exacerbation. These findings suggest that T cell cytotoxicity plays an important role in the mechanisms of liver cell damage in acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Intrahepatic lymphocyte subpopulation defined by monoclonal antibodies in anti-HBe positive type B chronic active hepatitis.
The composition of the mononuclear cell infiltrates in the liver was studied in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced chronic active hepatitis (CAH). Lymphocyte subpopulations as defined by Leu monoclonal antibodies (Leu-1: pan T cell, Leu-2a: cytotoxic/suppressor T cell, Leu-3a: helper/inducer T cell, Leu-7: natural killer/K cells, and Leu 10: B cell) and distribution of both HBsAg and HBcAg in the liver have been evaluated in 10 anti-HBe-positive patients compared to 36 HBeAg-positive ones. In anti-HBe-positive patients, a general decrease of Leu-1+ cells associated with decreased numbers of Leu-2a+ and Leu-3a+ cells were observed in both portal/periportal and lobular areas. In 3 patients who had been seroconverted to anti-HBe longer than 17 months before the time of liver biopsy, there was a tendency toward a more decrease of Leu-2a+ cells and a higher ratio of Leu-3a+/Leu-2a+ cells. In respect of viral replication in the liver, HBcAg and membranous HBsAg was clearly decreased in anti-HBe-positive patients as compared with HBeAg-positive ones. These findings suggest that in patients with CAH, T cell-mediated cytotoxicity to HBV-infected hepatocytes is diminished in accordance with the decrease of active HBV replication shown by seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Solid-phase radiolabeling of glycolipids with galactose oxidase and sodium boro[3H]hydride.
Neutral glycosphingolipids immobilized on plastic surfaces were specifically radiolabeled with the galactose oxidase-sodium boro[3H]hydride method. Glycolipids could be immobilized in the absence of any other lipids such as phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Rather, the presence of these lipid components decreased the efficiency of radiolabeling. Glycolipids having more than four carbohydrate moieties with terminal galactosyl residues were effectively radiolabeled and could be easily recovered by elution from the plastic with ethanol in one step. This method will be suitable for analysis of small samples of "upper-phase" neutral glycolipids having terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine.
Animals↗
Accumulation of hepatic collagen following long-term administration of sake to rats.
Sake, a rice wine, induced hepatic collagen accumulation in rats. This was noted after 16 weeks of a liquid diet containing 35% ethanol by caloric content. However, under similar experimental conditions, whiskey and ethanol did not produce any changes. Hepatic collagenase activities in sake-fed rats were slightly, but significantly, higher than in the whiskey group. The central and pericellular liver fibrosis in sake-fed rats was caused possibly by either accelerated collagen synthesis or maturation, exceeding the increased collagen degradation. Mechanisms of enhanced fibrogenesis in sake-fed rats were discussed.
Acetaldehyde↗
A simple and sensitive method of acetylcholine identification and assay. Bioassay combined with minicolumn gel filtration or high-performance liquid chromatography.
A modified technique of acetylcholine assay on the guinea pig ileum has been combined with either minivolume gel filtration or high-performance liquid chromatography separation of the samples. In addition, labeled acetylcholine (14C-ACh) was eluted with unlabeled acetylcholine or with the samples expected to contain acetylcholine, and their elution profiles were compared by bioassay plus radioassay of eluate fractions. When the elution of both biological activity and label occurred in the same eluates, it was concluded that the substance assayed on guinea pig ileum was acetylcholine. The method was sensitive to 0.5 ng (1.8 pmol) of acetylcholine and its reproducibility was within 5%. It thus represents a substantial improvement in chemical specificity over the previous bioassay method described by Paton and Vizi (1969).
Acetylcholine↗
Cavernous structures composed of hepatocytes in experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cavernous structures composed of hepatocytes were observed for the first time in trabecular-patterned hepatocellular carcinomas by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The carcinomas were induced by a single dose of diethylnitrosamine combined with subsequent administrations of 2-acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy. The cavernous structures had numerous cavities walled by flat hepatocytes. In the cavities, dendritic hepatocytes, connected with each other by their long and slender processes, formed a network and were attached to the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelium via intercellular spaces between the flat hepatocytes. Dendritic hepatocytes had smooth surfaces, prominent nucleoli, decreased glycogen, and well organized cisternae. Dilated bile canaliculi were sometimes seen among flat and dendritic cells. Dendritic cells showed more morphological dearrangement than flat cells. Blood cells were observed in the cavities. Kupffer cells were not seen in the sinusoids among the cavernous structures. The cavernous structures in the hepatocellular carcinomas resembled the hepatocyte arrangement in fetal liver in which intercellular spaces of hepatocytes are extremely widened.
Animals↗
Electron microscopy of granulomatous lesions of the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Three granulomas in the portal tract and 9 bile ducts with typical features of chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis (CNSDC) associated with dispersed epithelioid cells were examined by electron microscopy in 10 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Vesicular epithelioid cells, which contained numerous single-membrane bound vesicles, predominated in the granulomas. On the other hand, immature epithelioid cells and activated macrophages were more often observed near epithelial cells of the bile ducts with CNSDC than in the granulomas. These macrophages seemed to be activated by epithelial cells of the bile ducts and develop into epithelioid cells. Honeycomb-like membranous labyrinths containing electron dense substances were frequently observed in epithelioid cells and were likely a special form of phagosome. The substances in the labyrinths seemed to be derived from organellae of necrotic cells and extracellular interstitial tissues. Subplasmalemmal linear densities (SPLD) were observed at the cytoplasmic boundary and at intracytoplasmic membranous labyrinth. The roles of SPLD were discussed.
Epithelium↗
Human hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with quantitative and qualitative changes in glycolipids.
Changes of glycolipids in the naturally occurring human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues were studied. Neutral glycolipids (two fractions) and gangliosides from human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and their adjacent uninvolved liver tissues from ten patients were purified and analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Human hepatocellular carcinoma was shown to be associated with the extensive changes of the thin-layer chromatography patterns of both neutral glycolipids and gangliosides. Changes in neutral glycolipids were: (a) increased dihexaosylceramide with the concomitant decrease of trihexosylceramide and globoside, (b) increased ratio of the lower band of globoside to the upper band, and (c) increased expression of at least two "upper-phase" neutral glycolipids. Changes in gangliosides were: (a) increased expression of gangliosides migrating slower than GM3 on thin-layer chromatography with relative decrease of GM3, and (b) expression of tumor-associated new gangliosides, i.e., "neogangliosides".
Adult↗