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Biomedical subjects

H N Erb

Publications and source records attributed to H N Erb.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Acid-base, metabolic, and hemodynamic effects of sodium bicarbonate or tromethamine administration in anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced metabolic acidosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate buffering capacity and side effects of equivalent doses of tromethamine (THAM) and sodium bicarbonate (BIC). ANIMALS: 18 purebred dogs. PROCEDURE: Acidosis was induced by having dogs breathe a hypoxic gas mixture (FIO2 = 0.10) until arterial base balance < or = -7.5 mEq/L was reached. Dogs then received a 30-minute infusion of 5% BIC (n = 6) or 0.3M THAM (n = 8), and FIO2 increased to 0.30. Drug doses were calculated to correct base balance to zero. RESULTS: During hypoxia, for BIC- and THAM-treated groups, median (interquartile range [Q1, Q3]) pHa and arterial base balance decreased to 7.16 (7.07, 7.38) and 7.19 (7.11, 7.31), -14 (-16, 9) and -12 (-16, -11) mEq/L, respectively, and mixed venous lactate concentration increased to 7 (2, 15) and 6 (3, 13) mmol/L, respectively. Immediately after each infusion, acid-base and cardiopulmonary variables returned toward baseline. For respective BIC- and THAM-treated groups, pHa increased to 7.37 (7.26, 7.44) and 7.40 (7.33, 7.49) and base balance increased to 0 (-4, 7) and 0 (-4, 2) mEq/L. Lactate concentration decreased only slightly to 5 (2, 6) and 5 (2, 9) mmol/L, but continued to decrease throughout the study. The only significant (P < or = 0.05) difference between groups was hypernatremia after BIC administration that persisted for 60 minutes. The PaCO2 in BIC-treated dogs increased immediately after infusion, compared with values during hypoxia. Standardized ionized calcium values initially decreased in both groups, but returned to baseline by 60 minutes. CONCLUSION: The buffering capacity of THAM is equal to that of BIC, although THAM does not cause the transient hypernatremia or hypercapnia observed after BIC administration. Hypocalcemia may be transient after administration of either solution. Thus, THAM is an acceptable alternative to BIC for treatment of metabolic acidosis in selected anesthetized dogs.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1997

Effects of tromethamine buffer on coagulation variables and ionized calcium concentration in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate coagulation variables in 2 groups of dogs after tromethamine administration. ANIMALS: 13 Beagles. PROCEDURES: Both groups of dogs received a 30-minute IV infusion of 10 ml of 0.3M tromethamine/kg of body weight. In unsedated dogs (group 1, n = 8), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, normalized ionized calcium concentration, platelet numbers, and platelet function were measured prior to treatment, at the end of the infusion, and 1 hour after the infusion. In xylazine-sedated dogs (group 2, n = 5), buccal mucosal bleeding time and plasma percentage of von Willebrand factor antigen were measured before and 1 hour after infusion, and fibrin degradation products concentration was measured 1 hour after infusion. Platelet function was assessed by determining platelet aggregation and by measuring ATP release from the aggregating platelets over 6 minutes, using a whole blood aggregometer, with 20, 10, and 5 microM ADP and 5 and 10 micrograms of collagen/ml as platelet activation agonists. RESULTS: There was no significant change in any of the variables measured in either group of dogs, compared with baseline values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When administered to healthy dogs, tromethamine does not change the coagulation indices measured.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of airway obstruction on transmural pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether laryngeal hemiplegia would increase transmural pulmonary artery pressure (TPAP). ANIMALS: 6 horses. DESIGN: Horses were studied under 5 conditions: control conditions, after induction of left laryngeal hemiplegia, during obstruction of the left nostril, after placement of an instrumented tracheostomy, and after placement of an open tracheostomy. Horses were evaluated after being given saline solution and after being given furosemide. PROCEDURES: Horses were exercised on a high speed treadmill, using a maximum speed of 13 m/s. During each exercise, airway pressures, airflow, esophageal and pulmonary artery pressures, and blood gas partial pressures were measured. RESULTS: When adjusted for horse, speed, and obstruction condition, mean TPAP (pulmonary artery pressure-esophageal pressure) and minimum TPAP were significantly lower after administration of furosemide than after administration of saline solution. In horses given saline solution, respiratory obstruction that increased intrapleural pressure significantly increased mean TPAP, and respiratory obstruction that decreased intrapleural pressure significantly decreased minimum TPAP. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in intrapleural pressure appear to play an important role in pulmonary artery pressure and TPAP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Because induction of laryngeal hemiplegia did not increase TPAP, laryngeal hemiplegia is unlikely to contribute to development of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1997

Predicting body weight from body measurements in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

Accurate estimates of body weight can be useful in the evaluations of feeding programs, nutritional status and general health, and in calculation of dose levels (such as for anesthesia)-thus providing a valuable tool for captive elephant management. We used body measurements of 75 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to predict body weight. Weight, heart girth, height at the withers, body length, and foot-pad circumference were measured. All possible linear regressions of weight on one, two, three, or four body measurements were calculated. The highest correlation with a single measurement was that between heart girth and weight (R2 = 0.90). The data were also divided into age groups (1-13, 18-28, 29-39, and 40-57 yr), and all possible linear regressions were calculated for each group (there were no elephants aged 14-17 yr). Adding body length or pad circumference to heart girth resulted in a slight increase in R2. We conclude that body weight in Asian elephants can be predicted from body measurements and that heart girth is the best predictor. A second body measurement might improve predictive accuracy for some age groups.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of respiratory tract disease in dairy heifers during the first three months of life.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence of respiratory tract disease in dairy calves and to compare antibody titers and microbial isolates from transtracheal wash samples between calves with and without respiratory tract disease (cases and controls, respectively). DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study, with matched case-control substudy. ANIMALS: 410 dairy heifers; in substudy, 105 cases and 59 controls from the same population. PROCEDURE: Calves were examined weekly by a veterinarian during the first 3 months of life. Blood samples were collected for serologic testing at the first visit for each calf and during acute and convalescent periods for cases. Transtracheal wash samples also were obtained during the acute period from cases and controls. RESULTS: Incidence and case-fatality risk for clinician-diagnosed pneumonia were 25.6 and 2.2%, respectively. Mycoplasma sp and Pasteurella multocida together were isolated from 29% of cases and 11% of controls, and Mycoplasma sp alone from 7% of cases and 30% of controls (both P < or = 0.05). From postcolostral to acute-phase serum samples. Mycoplasma dispar titers increased 1.3-fold among cases, compared with 0.7-fold among controls; from acute- to convalescent-phase samples, M dispar titers increased 2.4-fold among cases, compared with 5.6-fold among controls (both P < or = 0.005). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results of this study suggested a synergistic effect between Mycoplasma sp and P multocida and a possible initiative role of M dispar in the development of respiratory tract disease. Postcolostral total IgG values and antibody titers were not significantly different between cases and controls, implying that other factors have an important role in the development of respiratory tract disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Morbidity from nonrespiratory diseases and mortality in dairy heifers during the first three months of life.

OBJECTIVE: To describe causes of death, mortality, and morbidity from nonrespiratory diseases in dairy calves. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. ANIMALS: Convenience sample of 410 dairy heifers born between January and December 1990 in 18 south-western New York herds. PROCEDURE: Heifers were examined weekly by a veterinary clinician during the first 3 months of life and all disease conditions were recorded. RESULTS: Crude risks for diarrhea, umbilical infection, and umbilical hernia were 28.8, 14.2, and 15.1%, and the median ages at first diagnoses were 2, 1, and 3 weeks, respectively. Mean durations of umbilical infection and umbilical hernia were 3.7 and 6.7 weeks, respectively. Crude mortality was 5.6%. Case-fatality risks were 12.8% for diarrhea during the first week of life, 5.1% for diarrhea after the first week of life, and 0% for umbilical infection and umbilical hernia. Diarrhea was diagnosed by the caretaker of the clinician; umbilical conditions were diagnosed by the clinician. The primary cause of death was diarrhea in 43%, pneumonia in 24%, septicemia in 10%, and other single causes in the rest of the 21 necropsied calves. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The high incidence and somewhat long duration of umbilical infection, the finding that diarrhea was the primary cause of death, and the high case-fatality risk for diarrhea during the first week of life suggested that calf caretakers need training in the prevention and treatment of these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effects of oral ursodeoxycholic acid in healthy cats on clinicopathological parameters, serum bile acids and light microscopic and ultrastructural features of the liver.

A blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) given orally, at a dose of 15 mg kg-1 per day for eight weeks, on the physical condition, haematological and serum biochemical profiles, urinalysis, total serum bile acids (TSBA) and hepatic histology of four healthy cats. There were no clinically important significant differences between the groups or within the treatment groups in clinicopathological parameters. TSBA concentrations or histology. A significant lower concentration/proportion of taurochenodeoxycholic acid was observed in the treated cats (P = 0.05). Only one treated cat accumulated measurable quantities of UDCA, and the compound appeared to be non-toxic. It did not increase the concentration of TSBA, and accumulated minimally in the serum. It should be investigated for therapeutic use in cats with hepatobiliary disease.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

The effect of calfhood diseases on growth of female dairy calves during the first 3 months of life in New York State.

Our objective was to study the effects of pneumonia (cumulative incidence, 25%), diarrhea (29%), umbilical infection (14%), and umbilical hernia (15%) on BW and height gains during the first 3 mo of life. Female dairy calves (n = 410) born from January to December 1990 in 18 commercial herds in New York state were used. Average daily gains during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd mo were 374, 596, and 719 g, respectively; average gain was 565 g during the 3-mo period. Average monthly height gains during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd mo were 4.4, 5.6, and 5.7 cm, respectively. Use of multiple linear regression, with farms treated as random effects, indicated that treated, verified pneumonia was associated with a reduction in average daily gain of 66 g and that failure of passive transfer reduced average daily gain by 48 g during the 1st mo. During the 2nd mo, neither disease nor failure of passive transfer affected average daily gain. During the 3rd mo, each additional week of pneumonia reduced average daily gain by 14 g, and umbilical infection reduced average daily gain by 96 g. Each additional week of diagnosed pneumonia reduced total BW gain during the first 3 mo by 0.8 kg. Similarly, each week of pneumonia reduced total height gain by 0.2 cm and failure of passive transfer by 0.9 cm. Prevention of chronic pneumonia and umbilical infection may improve average daily gain of calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Event-time analysis of the effect of 60-day milk production on the parturition-to-conception interval in dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effect of early-lactation milk and milk fat production on time to conception. DESIGN: Event-time analysis (survival analysis). SAMPLE POPULATION: 44,450 cows delivering calves between September 1985 and September 1986, from 6,227 Ayrshire dairy herds in 80 Finnish communities. PROCEDURE: Primiparous and multiparous cows were analyzed in separate Cox proportional hazards models. 60-day milk and milk fat production were categorized and regressed against days from parturition to conception for the period 56 to 120 postpartum days, controlling for season of parturition, parity, herd production, occurrence of 43 diseases, and community. RESULTS: Multiparous cows producing above the 80th percentile for 60-day milk, but with milk fat production below the 75th percentile, were significantly more likely to conceive, compared with cows with lower production and compared with cows with similar milk production but with milk fat between the 75th and 97th percentiles. They were slightly more likely to conceive than cows with highest milk fat production, although not significantly so. Primiparous cows producing above the 80th percentile for 60-day milk with milk fat below the 75th percentile also had the highest conception probability. The highest producing primiparae had significantly lower conception probability than all others. CONCLUSIONS: Controlling for disease occurrence, calving season, parity, herd production level, and community, there appeared to be an inverted U-shaped relation between 60-day production and conception probability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Primiparous cows that are high producers may not be receiving the same careful management that high-producing multiparous cows receive.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Event-time analysis of the effect of season of parturition, parity, and concurrent disease on parturition-to-conception interval in dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effect of season of parturition, parity, and various diseases on time to conception. DESIGN: Event-time analysis (survival analysis). SAMPLE POPULATION: 44,450 cows delivering calves between September 1985 and September 1986, from 6,227 Ayrshire dairy herds in 80 Finnish communities. PROCEDURES: Primiparous and multiparous cows were analyzed in separate Cox proportional hazards models for postpartum days 56 to 120. Occurrence of 43 diseases or disorders was recorded; codes were condensed into 25 variables offered to each model. Season of parturition was categorized into spring, summer, and fall-winter; for multiparous cows, 3 categorical variables represented parity. Models controlled for 60-day milk and milk fat production, herd milk production, and community. For all observations, parturition-to-conception interval was plotted against calendar day of parturition. RESULTS: For multiparous cows, parturition in the spring or summer and being of parity 2 or 3-4 (vs older) increased the chance of conceiving; 10 diseases or disorders decreased this probability. Similarly, in the model for primiparae, parturition in spring or summer increased the probability of conception, and 6 disorders decreased it. Disorders that were detrimental in both models were anestrus, ovulatory dysfunction, other infertility, late metritis, and clinical ketosis. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of season on the parturition-to-conception interval was marked at this latitude. Parturition during late April, causing confluence of postpartum day 55 with the summer solstice, was associated with the shortest parturition-to-conception intervals. Ketosis was found to be an important factor in lengthening the parturition-to-conception interval, highlighting the effect of negative energy balance on postpartum restoration of reproductive function.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Hematologic, hemostatic, and biochemical effects in dogs receiving an oral chondroprotective agent for thirty days.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a chondroprotective agent on hematologic, hemostatic, and biochemical variables in clinically normal dogs when administered over 30 days. ANIMALS: 13 clinically normal Beagles of either sex. PROCEDURE: Hematologic and hemostatic variables were assessed prior to treatment and on days 3, 14, and 30 of treatment. Biochemical variables were assessed before treatment and on day 30 of treatment. RESULTS: Significant (P < 0.05) decreases were noted in hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, and segmented neutrophil variables on days 3 and 14 of treatment. A significant decrease in red distribution width was noted on days 3 and 30, in RBC count on day 3, and in lymphocyte numbers on day 30. There were also significant reductions of aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen on days 14 and 30. Significant decreases were noted in total ATP release in response to collagen on days 14 and 30, as well as significant decrease in platelet count on days 14 and 30. No changes were noted in prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, mucosal bleeding time, or biochemical variables during the study. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of this chondroprotective agent causes minor but not clinically important changes in hematologic and hemostatic variables in young, clinically normal dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral chondroprotective agents are widely prescribed in veterinary medicine for the treatment of degenerative joint disease; however, to date, little is known about safety of their use.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

The relationship of the interval from breeding to uterine palpation for pregnancy diagnosis with calving outcomes in holstein cows.

This study used data collected prospectively at 32 dairy herds to examine the effect of interval from breeding to uterine palpation for pregnancy diagnosis on calving interval and likelihood of calving. Multivariable statistical models were used to control for other factors that were significantly associated with the outcomes of interest. Cows diagnosed pregnant from 30 to 36 d post breeding had 2-wk longer calving intervals than cows palpated at later intervals. The interval from breeding until a cow was diagnosed open had a significant positive association with the calving interval. The interval to palpation was not associated with the probability of remaining in the herd to calve when controlling for the effects of herd, season of freshening, number of services, days to first service and mature equivalent milk production. Among cows diagnosed pregnant, 3.4% subsequently were bred and 1.5% were diagnosed open by palpation at a later date. About 5% of the cows diagnosed open calved at a time consistent with being pregnant when the diagnosis was made.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Measurement of serum bile acids concentrations for diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in cats.

Serum bile acid concentrations were measured after food had been withheld for 12 hours (fasting serum bile acid [FSBA] concentration) and 2 hours after a meal (post-prandial serum bile acid [PSBA] concentration) using a direct enzymatic procedure in 108 cats clinically suspected of having hepatobiliary disease. In all cats, liver tissue was examined histologically to confirm the diagnosis. Twenty-six cats did not have histologic evidence of hepatobiliary disease and served as controls. The remaining 82 cats had hepatobiliary disease including hepatic lipidosis (n = 20), portosystemic vascular anomaly (n = 24), hepatic necrosis (n =13), hepatic neoplasia (n = 8), or cholestatic hepatic disease(n = 17). Sensitivity and specificity of measuring FSBA and PSBA concentrations were calculated for each test alone and when results were interpreted in combination (ie, in series and in parallel), and were compared with sensitivity and specificity of routinely used serum biochemical tests, including measuring serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, and measuring serum concentrations of cholesterol, BUN, and total bilirubin. When tests were considered individually, determination of FSBA and PSBA concentrations had higher specificity than did the other tests (using a cutoff of 15 mumol/L for FSBA concentration and of 20 mumol/L for PSBA concentration). Determination of PSBA concentration had the highest sensitivity of all single tests in cats with hepatic lipidosis, portosystemic vascular anomaly, or cholestasis; determination of alanine aminotransferase activity or PSBA concentration had the highest sensitivity for cats with hepatic necrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Intraocular bacterial contamination during cataract surgery in dogs.

Prevalence of intraoperative contamination of the eyelids, conjunctival sac, and aqueous humor of 50 canine eyes that underwent elective cataract surgery was determined, and the short-term outcomes for contaminated and noncontaminated eyes were compared by scoring media clarity, pupil size and shape, and behavioral evidence of vision during the initial 30-day postoperative period. Results of bacteriologic culture of anterior chamber samples were positive for 12 of the 50 (24%) eyes, but anterior chamber contamination was unrelated to results of bacteriologic culture of eyelids or conjunctival sac swab samples. Eyes undergoing phacoemulsification were less likely to be contaminated than were eyes undergoing intra- or extracapsular extraction. Eyes undergoing intra- or extracapsular extraction and eyes with anterior chamber contamination had a greater likelihood of developing glaucoma postoperatively. We did not detect an association between intraocular contamination and the surgeon performing the operation, the need for postoperative administration of tissue plasminogen activator, or the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. Also, we did not detect any differences in outcome between eyes with and without intraocular contamination. Despite intraoperative bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber, bacterial endophthalmitis did not develop in any of the eyes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Use of prostaglandin F2 alpha as a postpartum reproductive management tool for lactating dairy cows.

This study compared three programs for reproductive management of the postpartum period for reproductive performance and net economic benefit within three dairy herds (n = 1624 cows). Cows on one program received PGF alpha injection at 25 to 32 d postpartum for reproductive therapy, and cows on a second program received additional PGF2 alpha at 39 to 46 d postpartum for synchronization of estrus. These programs were compared with a postpartum program of rectal palpation based on veterinary intervention. Survival analysis indicated that cows receiving PGF2 alpha for reproductive therapy and synchronization of estrus had an 11% higher rate of first AI and 10% higher rate of pregnancy than did cows receiving the rectal palpation. No differences existed between the cows receiving rectal palpation and those receiving the PGF2 alpha. Because overall conception rates and conception rates at first AI did not differ among programs, the improved reproductive performance of cows receiving PGF2 alpha for both therapy and synchronization may be attributed to greater synchronization of estrus, which resulted in improved estrus detection. A partial budget indicated that the PGF2 alpha programs were less expensive than the rectal palpation program. When PGF2 alpha was used for postpartum reproductive therapy and synchronization of estrus, reproductive performance and net economic benefit were increased compared with those of the other programs.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Lack of association between calf morbidity and subsequent first lactation milk production in 25 New York Holstein herds.

The association of owner-diagnosed calfhood diseases with first lactation milk production was evaluated using data collected prospectively for 728 heifers from 25 New York dairy herds. Cows diagnosed with one or more occurrences of dullness, respiratory disease, or scours within 90 d of birth had first lactation milk production that was similar to that of unaffected herdmates. Estimates for the effects of dullness, respiratory disease, and scours on second test milk production were -1.0, 1.0, and .4 kg/d, respectively (adjusted for season and age at calving, times milked per day, study month on birth, sire PTA for milk production, and the other two calfhood diseases). Estimates for the effects on 305-day mature equivalent production were -139, 123, and 158 kg for dullness, respiratory disease, and scours, respectively (adjusted for study month of birth, sire PTA for milk production, and the other two calfhood diseases). These results were based on data of heifers that were selected as replacements and remained in the herd long enough to have milk production recorded. There was no significant detrimental effect of owner-diagnosed calfhood disease on first lactation milk production, but affected heifers had higher mortality before calving and were less likely to enter the milking herd.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Risk factors for behavior-related euthanasia among dominant-aggressive dogs: 110 cases (1989-1992).

Establishing a prognosis for dogs with dominance-related aggression is difficult. Some dominant-aggressive dogs respond well to treatment; others continue to be serious risks for their owners. A study was performed to identify characteristics of dominance-related aggression and to identify risk factors associated with whether the aggressive behavior led to euthanasia. Medical records of 110 dogs with dominance-related aggression were examined retrospectively; characteristics of owner-directed aggression and eventual outcome of the dogs were recorded. By means of logistic regression, 2 different models were found to describe the association between behavior characteristics and outcome. In the first model, severe aggression in response to benign dominance challenges and body weight > 18.2 kg were associated with outcome. In the second model, unpredictability of aggression and a history of being purchased were associated with outcome. We concluded that dominance-related aggressive behavior can be subclassified according to severity and type and that outcome (ie, euthanasia) may be predictable in some cases.

Aggression↗