Biomedical subjects

H M Kim

Publications and source records attributed to H M Kim.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by Perilla frutescens.

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Perilla frutescens (Labiatae) (PFAE) on the mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions. PFAE (0.05 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in rats. PFAE (0.1 and 1 g/kg) also significantly inhibited local allergic reaction activated by anti-DNP IgE. When PFAE was pretreated at the same concentrations with systemic allergic reaction test, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. PFAE (10(-3) to 1 mg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP in RPMC, When PFAE (1 mg/ml) was added, transiently and significantly increased about 4-fold compared with that of basal cells. Moreover, PFAE (0.001 and 0.01 mg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. These results indicate that PFAE inhibits mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Taraxacum officinale inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from rat astrocytes.

Substance P (SP) can stimulate production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Taraxacum officinale (TO) on the production of TNF-alpha from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. TO (100 and 1000 microg/ml) significantly inhibited the TNF-alpha production by astrocytes stimulated with LPS and SP. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate TNF-alpha production from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore examined whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of TNF-alpha production from primary astrocytes by TO. Treatment of TO (100 and 1000 microg/ml) to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 production significantly. Moreover, the production of TNF-alpha by LPS and SP in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with increasing amount of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. Our results suggest that TO may inhibit TNF-alpha production by inhibiting IL-1 production and that TO has an antiinflammatory activity in the central nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Inhibitory effect of interleukin-1alpha-induced apoptosis by Polygala tenuifolia in Hep G2 cells.

A human hepatoma cell line, Hep G2 cells are reliable for the study of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia WILLDENOW (Polygalaceae) roots (PTAE) on ethanol (EtOH)-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells. PTAE (0.01-1 microg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the EtOH-induced interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) secretion. PTAE (0.01-1 microg/ml) also inhibited the EtOH- and IL-1alpha-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we found that PTAE inhibited the IL-1alpha-induced apoptosis of Hep G2 cells. These results suggest that PTAE may prevent the EtOH-induced cytotoxicity through inhibition of the apoptosis of Hep G2 cells.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2000

Long-term results of laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for high myopia after a follow-up of two years. A total of 42 eyes from 33 patients with high myopia (range: -9.00 D to -25.50 D) were studied. LASIK was performed using an automated microkeratome (Steinway, USA) and OmniMed II excimer laser with the standard MKM program (Summit Technology, Inc., Waltham, MA) in all patients. The patients were followed up at one, three, six, 12 and 24 months. During follow-up manifest refraction and best corrected and uncorrected visual acuity were measured. Any complications were also analyzed. The two-year follow-up results were as follows. The mean postoperative manifest spherical equivalents (MSE) were -0.51 D at one month, -1.09 D at three months, -1.78 D at six months, -2.17 D at 12 months and -2.61 D at 24 months. Myopic regression continued during the two-year follow-up (p < 0.05). The accuracy of the intended postoperative correction within +/- 2.00 D was 73.8% at one month, 69.1% at three months, 52.4% at six months, 52.4% at 12 months, and 45.2% at 24 months. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was unchanged or increased in 35 eyes (83.3%). Only three eyes (7.2%) lost two or more lines of BCVA. This was due to irregular astigmatism in one eye, macular degeneration in one eye, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in one eye. In this study, LASIK was effective and safe in the correction of high myopia, however continuous myopic regression was seen over the two-year follow-up. Refining the nomogram to adjust for progressive myopic regression will be necessary in order to obtain better results.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The first human case of Trichinella spiralis infection in Korea.

Three cases of human infection by Trichinella spiralis were first confirmed by detecting encysted larvae in the biopsied muscle in December 1997, in Korea. The patients were one 35- and two 39-year-old males residing in Kochang-gun, Kyongsangnam-do. They had a common past history of eating raw liver, spleen, blood and muscle of a badger, Meles meles melanogenys, and complained of high fever, facial and periorbital edema, and myalgia. Hematologic and biochemical examinations revealed leukocytosis and eosinophilia, and highly elevated levels of GOT, GPT, LDH and CPK. In the gastrocnemius muscle of a patient, roundly coiled nematode larvae were detected. The larvae measured 0.775-1.050 (av. 0.908) mm in length, and 0.026-0.042 (av. 0.035) mm in maximum width. The specific IgG antibody levels in three patients' sera were significantly higher when compared with those of normal controls. The patients were treated with flubendazole and albendazole for 15-30 days, and discharged at 13-34 days post-admission. From the above findings, it was confirmed that T. spiralis is present in Korea, and the badger plays a role of as the natural host.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

A case of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by obstructive uropathy due to prostate cancer.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI) secondary to chronic urinary tract obstruction is a rare disease. The exact cause is unknown but it is likely that increased collecting duct pressures cause damage to the tubular epithelium, resulting in insensitivity to the action of arginine-vasopressin (AVP). A 77-year-old man complaining of polyuria and polydipsia was treated with alpha glucosidase inhibitor under the impression of polyuria due to diabetes mellitus. But his symptoms did not improve. Water deprivation and AVP administration study revealed that the patient had nephrogenic DI. Urinary tract obstruction due to an enlarged prostate was suggested as a principal cause of nephrogenic DI. The patient underwent transurethral resection of the prostate and bilateral subcapsular orchiectomy. After surgery, the urine osmolarity was normalized and the patient became symptom-free. We report a case of nephrogenic DI due to obstructive uropathy which was cured by surgery eliminating obstruction.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

Radicicol suppresses expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase by blocking p38 kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages.

We show that radicicol, a fungal antibiotic, produces a marked inhibition of p38 kinase, nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel (NF-kappaB/Rel), and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription by the macrophage line RAW 264.7 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of RAW 264.7 with radicicol inhibited LPS-stimulated p38 kinase phosphorylation in a dose-related manner. iNOS transcription, which is regulated in part by the NF-kappaB/Rel family of transcription factors, has been shown to be under the control of the p38 kinase signaling cascade. Our data also show that the p38 kinase pathway is specifically involved in LPS-induced NF-kappaB/Rel activation and iNOS expression because NF-kappaB/Rel DNA binding and iNOS mRNA production in the presence of a specific inhibitor of p38 kinase, SB203580, were dramatically diminished. In contrast, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase 1 had no effect on NF-kappaB/Rel activation and iNOS expression. LPS-induced loss of inhibitory proteins IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta and translocation of p65, c-Rel, and p50 was inhibited by radicicol. Collectively, this series of experiments indicates that radicicol inhibits iNOS gene expression by blocking p38 kinase signaling. Due to the critical role that NO release plays in mediating inflammatory responses, the inhibitory effects of radicicol on iNOS suggest that this potent antifungal agent may represent a useful anti-inflammatory agent.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Apatite formation on ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer modified with silanol groups.

The surfaces of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) substrates were modified with silanol (Si-OH) groups, and their apatite forming ability was examined in a simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma or in a solution with ion concentrations 1.5 times those of SBF (1.5SBF). The surface modification of EVOH was carried out by reacting 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, followed by hydrolysis of the ethoxysilyl groups into Si-OH groups. However, no apatite formation was observed on the EVOH substrate thus modified, even after 3 weeks in SBF and 1.5SBF. The Si-OH modified EVOH substrate was further modified by hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetraethyoxysilane (TEOS). It was found that the apatite forms on the TEOS-modified substrate within 3 weeks in 1.5SBF. These results suggest that the presence of a large amount of Si-OH groups (i.e., a cluster of Si-OH groups) on the substrate is prerequisite to apatite formation in the body environment. Apatite-EVOH composites prepared by this process might be useful as hard tissues substitutes.

Apatites↗

PubMed1999

The nitric oxide-producing properties of Solanum lyratum.

We examined the effect of Solanum lyratum Thunb. (Solanaceae) (SL) on the production of nitric oxide (NO). Stimulation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with SL after the treatment of recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) resulted in increased NO synthesis. SL had no effect on NO synthesis by itself. When SL was used in combination with rIFN-gamma, there was a marked cooperative induction of NO synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal effect of SL on NO synthesis was shown 6 h after treatment with rIFN-gamma. The increased production of NO from rIFN-gamma plus SL-stimulated cells was decreased by the treatment with staurosporin. In addition, synergy between rIFN-gamma and SL was mainly dependent on SL-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion. All the preparations of SL were endotoxin free. The present results indicate that the capacity of SL to increase NO production from rIFN-gamma-primed mouse peritoneal macrophages is the result of SL-induced TNF-alpha secretion via the signal transduction pathway of PKC activation.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Dose, volume, and function relationships in parotid salivary glands following conformal and intensity-modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationships between the three-dimensional dose distributions in parotid glands and their saliva production, and to find the doses and irradiated volumes that permit preservation of the salivary flow following irradiation (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighty-eight patients with head and neck cancer irradiated with parotid-sparing conformal and multisegmental intensity modulation techniques between March 1994 and August 1997 participated in the study. The mean dose and the partial volumes receiving specified doses were determined for each gland from dose-volume histograms (DVHs). Nonstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rates were selectively measured from each parotid gland before RT and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the completion of RT. The data were fit using a generalized linear model and the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model of Lyman-Kutcher. In the latter model, a "severe complication" was defined as salivary flow rate reduced to < or =25% pre-RT flow at 12 months. RESULTS: Saliva flow rates data were available for 152 parotid glands. Glands receiving a mean dose below or equal to a threshold (24 Gy for the unstimulated and 26 Gy for the stimulated saliva) showed substantial preservation of the flow rates following RT and continued to improve over time (to median 76% and 114% of pre-RT for the unstimulated and stimulated flow rates, respectively, at 12 months). In contrast, most glands receiving a mean dose higher than the threshold produced little saliva with no recovery over time. The output was not found to decrease as mean dose increased, as long as the threshold dose was not reached. Similarly, partial volume thresholds were found: 67%, 45%, and 24% gland volumes receiving more than 15 Gy, 30 Gy, and 45 Gy, respectively. The partial volume thresholds correlated highly with the mean dose and did not add significantly to a model predicting the saliva flow rate from the mean dose and the time since RT. The NTCP model parameters were found to be TD50 (the tolerance dose for 50% complications rate for whole organ irradiated uniformly) = 28.4 Gy, n (volume dependence parameter) = 1, and m (the slope of the dose/response relationship) = 0.18. Clinical factors including age, gender, pre-RT surgery, chemotherapy, and certain medical conditions were not found to be significantly associated with the salivary flow rates. Medications (diuretics, antidepressants, and narcotics) were found to adversely affect the unstimulated but not the stimulated flow rates. CONCLUSIONS: Dose/volume/function relationships in the parotid glands are characterized by dose and volume thresholds, steep dose/response relationships when the thresholds are reached, and a maximal volume dependence parameter in the NTCP model. A parotid gland mean dose of < or =26 Gy should be a planning goal if substantial sparing of the gland function is desired.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

A new autoantigen reactive with prediabetic nonobese diabetic mice sera.

The identification and characterization of new autoantigens would widen the knowledge of the pathogenic mechanism of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Screening of lambda gt11 mouse insulinoma (MIN6N8a) cell cDNA library with prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice sera resulted in the isolation of a strong positive clone, named the clone 3-5, of 1579 nucleotides without a poly A region. After 5'-rapid amplification of the cDNA end (RACE), complete nucleotide sequence of the clone 3-5 gene consisting of 2231 nucleotides showed that the 3-5 gene had the theoretical open reading frame of 634 amino acids. However, the real antigenic protein of the clone 3-5 was only 21 amino acids long encoded by only 63 nucleotides. The 21 amino acids were expressed as a fusion protein in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The purified 3-5 recombinant protein was examined for its reactivity with prediabetic NOD mice sera by immunoblotting. The only non-denatured form of the 3-5 protein showed a binding reactivity with NOD mice sera, demonstrating that the conformational epitope of 3-5 protein was important for antibody recognition. The prevalence of autoantibody reactive to the 3-5 protein was about 78% (14/18) and 46% (11/24) in prediabetic and acute diabetic NOD mice sera, respectively. However, the sera from other mouse strains such as BALB/c, ICR, C57BL/6, SJL/J, and NOD/SCID did not show a positive reactivity to the 3-5 protein, which indicated that immune reactivity against the 3-5 protein was autoimmune diabetic mouse-specific.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

The nitric oxide-producing activities of Scutellaria baicalensis.

Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) has antibacterial and antiviral activities. Nitric oxide (NO) as a potent macrophage-derived effector molecule against a variety of bacteria, viruses and tumors has received increasing attention. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of SB on the production of NO. Stimulation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with SB after the treatment of recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) resulted in the increased NO production. SB had no effect on NO production by itself. When SB was used in combination with rIFN-gamma, there was a marked cooperative induction of NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal effect of SB on NO production was shown 6 h after treatment with rIFN-gamma. NO production by SB was inhibited by N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine. The increased production of NO from rIFN-(gamma) plus SB-stimulated cells was decreased by the treatment of protein kinase C inhibitor such as staurosporin. In addition, synergy between rIFN-gamma and SB was mainly dependent on SB-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion. All the preparations of SB were endotoxin free. These results suggest that the capacity of SB to increase NO production from rIFN-gamma-primed mouse peritoneal macrophages is the result of SB-induced TNF-gamma secretion.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Different effect of various mutant MITF encoded by mi, Mior, or Miwh allele on phenotype of murine mast cells.

The mi locus encodes a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein family of transcription factors (hereafter called MITF). Mutant alleles of mi, Mior, and Miwh are deletion or point mutation of the basic domain by which MITF binds DNA. The basic domain also has nuclear localization potential. In the present study, we compared the mast cell abnormalities of Mior/Mior and Miwh/Miwh mice with those of mi/mi mice, of which many have been described by us. The number of mast cells in the skin of Mior/Mior suckling mice was remarkably decreased from that observed in mi/mi suckling mice, but the number was normal in the skin of Miwh/Miwh suckling mice. The decrease in skin mast cells was more severe in the mi/mi embryos than in mi/mi suckling mice, but the magnitude of the decrease was comparable between Mior/Mior embryos and Mior/Mior suckling mice. The poor mRNA expression of granzyme B and tryptophan hydroxylase genes was observed in all cultured mast cells (CMCs) derived from the spleens of Miwh/Miwh, Mior/Mior, and mi/mi mice. However, the poor expression of mouse mast cell protease-4 (MMCP-4), MMCP-5, and MMCP-6 was observed only in Mior/Mior and mi/mi CMCs. MITF encoded by Miwh mutant allele (Miwh-MITF) showed deficient but demonstratable DNA binding, but mi-MITF and Mior-MITF did not show any DNA binding ability. Although Miwh-MITF and Mior-MITF showed normal nuclear localization potential, the potential was significantly impaired in mi-MITF. The rank order of mast cell abnormality (mi/mi > Mior/Mior > Miwh/Miwh) appears to be related to the functional abnormality of MITF encoded by each mutant gene.

Alleles↗

PubMed1999

Role of TGF-beta 1 on the IgE-dependent anaphylaxis reaction.

TGF-beta1 is a member of a family of polypeptide factors that control proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, and other functions in many cell types. TGF-beta1 has been shown to inhibit many immunologic functions. However, here we report that TGF-beta1 has an important role in the elicitation of IgE-dependent allergic reactions. The synthetic antisense TGF-beta1 oligonucleotides dose-dependently inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and histamine release from the mast cells activated by anti-DNP IgE in rats. The level of cAMP in mast cells, when antisense TGF-beta1 oligonucleotides was added, significantly increased approximately 7-fold compared with that of basal cells. The antisense TGF-beta1 oligonucleotides also had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced TNF-alpha release from mast cells. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the PCA reaction sites treated with antisense TGF-beta1 oligonucleotides exhibited no detectable levels of TGF-beta1 and L-histidine decarboxylase mRNA after anti-DNP IgE stimulation, whereas the PCA reaction sites treated with sense TGF-beta1 oligonucleotides possessed significant amounts of their mRNA. Additionally, neutralizing Ab to TGF-beta1 blocked the PCA reaction significantly, but its Ab did not inhibit peritoneal mast cell-released histamine upon treatment with anti-DNP IgE. Our results suggest that TGF-beta1 is critical to the development of IgE-dependent anaphylaxis reactions.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Deficient transcription of mouse mast cell protease 4 gene in mutant mice of mi/mi genotype.

The mi locus encodes a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip) protein family of transcription factors (hereafter called MITF). We reported that expression of the mouse mast cell protease 5 (MMCP-5) and MMCP-6 genes were deficient in cultured mast cells (CMC) derived from mutant mice of mi/mi genotype. Despite the reduced expression of both MMCP-5 and MMCP-6, their regulation mechanisms were different. Because MMCP-5 is a chymase and MMCP-6 a tryptase, there was a possibility that the difference in regulation mechanisms was associated with their different characteristics as proteases. We compared the regulation mechanisms of another chymase, MMCP-4, with those of MMCP-5 and MMCP-6. The expression of the MMCP-4 gene was also deficient in mi/mi CMC. The overexpression of the normal (+) MITF but not of mi-MITF normalized the poor expression of the MMCP-4 gene in mi/mi CMC, indicating the involvement of +-MITF in transactivation of the MMCP-4 gene. Although MMCP-4 is chymase as MMCP-5, the regulation of MMCP-4 expression was more similar to MMCP-6 than to MMCP-5. We also showed the deficient expression of granzyme B and cathepsin G genes in mi/mi CMC. Genes encoding granzyme B, cathepsin G, MMCP-4, and MMCP-5 are located on chromosome 14. Because all these genes showed deficient expression in mi/mi CMC, there is a possibility that MITF might regulate the expression of these genes through a locus control region.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Enhancement of bone-bonding strengths of titanium alloy implants by alkali and heat treatments.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bone-bonding ability of alkali- and heat-treated titanium alloys. Smoothed-surface rectangular plates of Ti6Al4V, Ti6Al2Nb1Ta, and Ti15Mo5Zr3Al were prepared. The plates were inserted transcortically into the proximal metaphyses of bilateral rabbit tibiae, with alkali- and heat-treated plates inserted on the right side, and untreated plates on the left. The tensile failure loads between the implants and the bones were measured after 8, 16, and 24 weeks by a detaching test. The untreated implants showed almost no bonding even at 16 weeks, and only weak bonding at 24 weeks. In contrast, treated implants showed bonding to bone at all time periods. Histological examination showed that alkali- and heat-treated alloys bonded directly to the bone. Conversely, the untreated implants had an intervening layer of fibrous tissue between the bone and the plate, or only partial direct contact with the bone. This study demonstrates that alkali and heat treatments enhance the bone-bonding strength of these titanium alloys. Although in this study even tentative conditions of the treatments enhance the bonding strength of the titanium alloys, further work is required to determine the optimum conditions for treatment to give the highest bonding strength. These new bioactive titanium alloys are available for weight-bearing and bone-bonding orthopedic devices.

Alkalies↗

PubMed1999

Graded surface structure of bioactive titanium prepared by chemical treatment.

An NaOH treatment of pure titanium (Ti) forms a sodium titanate hydrogel surface layer with a smooth graded interface structure to the Ti metal substrate. Subsequent heat treatment at 600 degrees C of the NaOH-treated Ti forms an amorphous sodium titanate surface layer with a smooth graded interface structure similar to the Ti metal substrate. These treated Ti metals both form an apatite surface layer with a smooth graded interface structure to the Ti metal substrates in simulated body fluid (SBF). The smooth graded interface structures give a tight bond of the apatite layer to the substrates. Heat treatment at 800 degrees C of the NaOH-treated Ti forms crystalline sodium titanate and a rutile surface layer with a graded interface structure to the Ti metal substrate, which is intervened by a thick titanium oxide. This substrate forms an apatite layer with a graded interface structure to the Ti metal substrate, which is intervened by a thick titanium oxide in SBF. This irregular graded structure gives a less tight bond of the apatite layer to the substrate.

Apatites↗

PubMed1999

Composition and structure of the apatite formed on PET substrates in SBF modified with various ionic activity products.

An apatite layer was formed on polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) substrates by the following biomimetic process. PET substrates were placed on granular particles of a CaO-SiO2-based glass in simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma to form apatite nuclei on their surfaces (first treatment). They then were soaked in modified SBFs, the ion concentrations of which were changed to give a variation in ionic activity product of apatite (IP), in order to make the apatite nuclei grow (second treatment). The Ca/P atomic ratio and the lattice constant c of the formed apatite decreased from 1.54 to 1.40 and from 6.880 to 6.838 A, respectively, with increasing ion concentrations from 0.75 to 2.00 times those of SBF, that is, with increasing IP from 10(-96.6) to 10(-91.9). This was attributed to an increase in the concentration of HPO4(2-) ion substituting for the PO4(3-) ion sites, which gave an increase in the Ca2+ in the apatite. Even the apatite formed in 1.00 SBF showed a Ca/P ratio of 1.51 and lattice constants a of 9.432 A and c of 6.870 A. The Ca/P ratio and lattice constant c were smaller and the lattice constant a was larger than those of the bone apatite; its Ca/P ratio and its lattice constants a and c, were 1.65, 9.419 A, and 6.88 A, respectively. This was attributed to the lower content (2.64 wt%) of the CO3(2-) ion substituting for the PO4(3-) ion sites of the apatite compared to that of the bone apatite (5.80 wt%). The lower content of the CO3(2-) ion in the apatite might be caused by the lower concentration of HCO3- ion in 1.00 SBF compared to that in human blood plasma.

Apatites↗