Biomedical subjects

H L Mobley

Publications and source records attributed to H L Mobley.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Purification of recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease apoenzyme encoded by ureA and ureB.

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral-shaped bacterium, is an etiologic agent of human gastritis and peptic ulceration and is highly restricted to the gastric mucosa of humans. Urease, synthesized at up to 6% of the soluble cell protein, hydrolyzes urea, thereby releasing ammonia, which may neutralize acid, allowing survival of the bacterium and initial colonization of the gastric mucosa. The urease protein is encoded by two subunit genes, ureA and ureB; however, accessory genes are necessary for enzyme activity. H. pylori urease genes were isolated from a cosmid gene bank and subcloned on a 5.8-kb Sau3A partial fragment carrying ureCDAB, corresponding to four open reading frames described by A. Labigne, V. Cussac, and P. Courcoux (J. Bacteriol. 173:1920-1931, 1991). Clones were confirmed as ureas gene sequences by polymerase chain reaction amplification. The recombinant enzyme was purified from the soluble protein of French press lysates of Escherichia coli DH5 alpha(pHP402) by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, Phenyl-Sepharose, Mono-Q, and Superose 6 resins. Fractions containing a catalytically inactive apoenzyme were identified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by using antisera to native UreA (29.5 kDa) and UreB (66 kDa). Purified recombinant urease was indistinguishable from native enzyme on a Superose 6 column and on Coomassie blue-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The protein reacted specifically on Western blots (immunoblots) with anti-UreA and anti-UreB antibodies and was recognized with an intensity equal to that of the native enzyme in an ELISA using human sera. Clones containing only ureA and ureB also produced an assembled but inactive enzyme. Enzyme activity was not restored by in trans complementation with cloned urease accessory gene sequences from Proteus mirabilis or Morganella morganii. H. pylori urease genes (ureCDAB) subcloned into pACYC184 were also not complemented with any of 1,000 cosmid clones containing H. pylori chromosomal sequences. However, larger clones containing 4.5 kb of DNA downstream of ureB synthesized catalytically active urease when grown in minimal medium. These data indicate that the ureA and ureB genes encoding H. pylori urease are transcribed and translated in E. coli and that these genes alone are sufficient for the synthesis and assembly of the native size enzyme. Genes downstream of ureB, however, are necessary for production of a catalytically active urease.

Apoenzymes↗

PubMed1992

Use of polymerase chain reaction-amplified Helicobacter pylori urease structural genes for differentiation of isolates.

Helicobacter pylori has been demonstrated as an etiologic agent of human gastritis and peptic ulcer formation. However, there is no straightforward basis to distinguish different isolates. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the urease structural subunit genes, ureA and ureB, which, when digested with appropriate restriction endonucleases, allow the differentiation of patterns on agarose gels. PCR amplification was possible with DNA rapidly extracted from H. pylori by alkaline lysis and phenol-chloroform. The 2.4-kb PCR products amplified from 22 clinical isolates and subjected to HaeII restriction endonuclease digestion produced 10 distinct patterns on agarose gels, with two patterns being shared between five and six strains. PCR amplification of the urease genes may enable the differentiation of closely related H. pylori strains by restriction digest analysis of PCR-amplified ureA and ureB genes.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1991

Immortal sequence.

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Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Proteus mirabilis urease: use of a ureA-lacZ fusion demonstrates that induction is highly specific for urea.

Proteus mirabilis, a common agent of nosocomially acquired and catheter-associated urinary tract infection, is the most frequent cause of infection-induced bladder and kidney stones. Urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis initiates stone formation in urine and can be inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid and other structural analogs of urea. Since P. mirabilis urease is inducible with urea, there has been some concern that urease inhibitors actually induce urease during an active infection, thus compounding the problem of elevated enzyme activity. Quantitating induction by compounds that simultaneously inhibit urease activity has been difficult. Therefore, to study these problems, we constructed a fusion of ureA (a urease subunit gene) and lacZ (the beta-galactosidase gene) within plasmid pMID1010, which encodes an inducible urease of P. mirabilis expressed in E. coli JM103 (Lac-). The fusion protein, predicted to be 117 kDa, was induced by urea and detected on Western blots (immunoblots) with anti-beta-galactosidase antiserum. Peak beta-galactosidase activity of 9.9 mumol of ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside) hydrolyzed per min per mg of protein, quantitated spectrophotometrically, was induced at 200 mM urea. The uninduced rate was 0.2 mumol of ONPG hydrolyzed per min per mg of protein. Induction was specific for urea, as no structural analog of urea (including acetohydroxamic acid, hydroxyurea, thiourea, hippuric acid, flurofamide, or hydroxylamine) induced fusion protein activity. These data suggest that induction by inactivation of UreR, the urease repressor protein that governs regulation of the urease operon, is specific for urea and does not respond to closely related structural analogs.

Cloning, Molecular↗

PubMed1991

Proteus mirabilis flagella and MR/P fimbriae: isolation, purification, N-terminal analysis, and serum antibody response following experimental urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infection with Proteus mirabilis may lead to serious complications, including cystitis, acute pyelonephritis, fever, bacteremia, and death. In addition to the production of hemolysin and the enzyme urease, fimbriae and flagellum-mediated motility have been postulated as virulence factors for this species. We purified mannose-resistant/proteuslike (MR/P) fimbriae and flagella from strains CFT322 and HU2450, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed highly concentrated preparations of fimbriae and flagella. Fimbrial and flagellar structural subunits were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 18.5 and 41 kDa, respectively. N-terminal sequencing revealed that 10 of the first 20 amino acids of the major MR/P subunit matched the sequence of the P. mirabilis uroepithelial cell adhesin N terminus and 11 of 20 amino acids matched the predicted amino acid sequence of the Escherichia coli P fimbriae structural subunit, PapA. In addition, 90 and 80% homologies were found between the first 20 amino acids of P. mirabilis flagellin and those of Salmonella typhimurium phase-1 flagellin and the E. coli hag gene product, respectively. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified antigens showed a strong reaction between the MR/P fimbriae or flagella and sera of CBA mice challenged transurethrally with P. mirabilis. A possible role for MR/P fimbriae in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection is supported by (i) a strong immune response to the antigen in experimentally infected animals, (ii) amino acid sequence similarity to other enteric surface structure, and (iii) our previously reported observation that MR/P fimbriae are expressed preferentially as the sole fimbrial type in human pyelonephritis isolates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Cytotoxicity of the HpmA hemolysin and urease of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris against cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells.

Proteus mirabilis, a common agent of nosocomially acquired and catheter-associated bacteriuria, can cause acute pyelonephritis. In ascending infections, bacteria colonize the bladder and ascend the ureters to the proximal tubules of the kidney. We postulate that Proteus species uses the HpmA hemolysin and urease to elicit tissue damage that allows entry of these bacteria into the kidney. To study this interaction, strains of Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris and their isogenic hemolysin-negative (hpmA) or isogenic urease-negative (ureC) constructs were overlaid onto cultures of human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEC) isolated from kidneys obtained by immediate autopsy. Cytotoxicity was measured by release of soluble lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Two strains of P. mirabilis inoculated at 10(6) CFU caused a release of 80% of total LDH after 6 h, whereas pyelonephritogenic hemolytic Escherichia coli CFT073 released only 25% at 6 h (P less than 0.012). Ten P. mirabilis isolates and five P. vulgaris isolates were all hemolytic and cytotoxic and produced urease which was induced by urea. The HpmA hemolysin is apparently responsible for the majority of cytotoxicity in vitro since the hemolysin-negative (hpmA) mutants of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris were significantly less cytotoxic than wild-type strains. P. mirabilis WPM111 (hemolysin negative) was used to test the effect of urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis on HRPTEC viability. In the presence of 50 mM urea, WPM111 caused the release of 42% of LDH versus 1% at 6 h in the absence of substrate (P = 0.003). We conclude that the HpmA hemolysin of Proteus species acts as a potent cytotoxin against HRPTEC. In addition, urease apparently contributes to this process when substrate urea is available.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1991

Detection of Helicobacter pylori by using the polymerase chain reaction.

A 1.9-kb cloned fragment of chromosomal DNA randomly selected from a Helicobacter pylori cloned library was evaluated as a potential probe. The probe detected 19 of 19 H. pylori strains and yielded a specificity of 98.7% when tested against 306 other bacterial strains representing 32 different species. False-positive results with non-H. pylori strains were due to the presence of contaminating vector sequences. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed by using 20-base oligonucleotide primers homologous to a portion of the 1.9-kb fragment. The PCR assay amplified a 203-nucleotide-pair product which was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization by using a third 20-base 32P-labeled oligonucleotide complementary to a region of DNA between the primers. The PCR assay was 100% sensitive, detecting all 35 H. pylori strains tested, and did not amplify sequences in several closely related species. The assay was sensitive for as little as one copy of the cloned plasmid DNA or 100 H. pylori bacterial cells. To evaluate the PCR assay for clinical samples, gastric biopsy and aspirate specimens were tested by PCR, and the results were compared with those of microbiologic culture and histologic examination. In fresh biopsy specimens, H. pylori sequences were detected by PCR in 13 of 14 (93%) positive tissues and 0 of 19 negative tissues. In gastric aspirate specimens, 11 of 13 (85%) positive tissues were positive by PCR. H. pylori DNA was detected in 1 of 14 aspirate specimens negative by culture, histology, and PCR of the accompanying biopsy tissue. PCR is a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for the detection of H. pylori.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Helicobacter pylori urease: properties and role in pathogenesis.

Urease (urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to yield ammonia and carbon dioxide. Research on this enzyme has gained momentum since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori as a causative agent of human gastritis. The remarkably high urease activity of each organism has served as the basis of diagnostic tests for the presence of the organism in the urease biopsy test and urea breath test. Urease undoubtedly plays a central role in H. pylori pathogenesis. Hydrolysis of urea with generation of ammonia may enable survival of this acid-sensitive organism in the gastric mucosa. Ammonia generated by urea hydrolysis may also produce severe cytotoxic effects within gastric epithelium. The enzyme also elicits a strong immune response during acute infection, suggesting that this abundant antigen is readily available to the immune system. An increase in serum IgG titer is predictive of ongoing infection. Much progress has been made with regard to the molecular biology of urease. The high molecular weight protein (estimated by several investigators to be 300-520 kDa) has been purified, revealing two distinct subunits of 29.5 kDa and 66 kDa, a unique subunit structure as compared with other microbial ureases. However, amino acid sequences are nevertheless well conserved when compared with other bacterial ureases and that of the jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis. Furthermore, genes encoding urease of H. pylori have been cloned, sequenced, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Hemagglutinin, urease, and hemolysin production by Proteus mirabilis from clinical sources.

Proteus mirabilis, a common cause of urinary tract infection, can lead to serious complications including pyelonephritis. Adherence factors, urease, and hemolysin may be virulence determinants. These factors were compared for bacteria cultured from 16 patients with acute pyelonephritis and 35 with catheter-associated bacteriuria and for 20 fecal isolates. Pyelonephritis isolates were more likely (P less than .05) to express the mannose-resistant/Proteus-like (MR/P) hemagglutinin in the absence of mannose-resistant/Klebsiella-like (MR/K) hemagglutinin than were catheter-associated or fecal isolates. Pyelonephritis isolates produced urease activity of 63 +/- 27 (mean +/- SD) mumol of NH3/min/mg of protein, not significantly different from catheter-associated or fecal isolates. Hybridization of Southern blots of P. mirabilis chromosomal DNA with two urease gene probes demonstrated that urease gene sequences were conserved in all isolates. Geometric mean of reciprocal hemolytic titers for pyelonephritis isolates was 27.9; for urinary catheter isolates, 18.0; and for fecal isolates, 55.7 (not significantly different, P greater than .1). Although in vivo expression of urease and hemolysin may not be reliable indexes of virulence, MR/P hemagglutination in the absence of MR/K hemagglutination may be necessary for development of pyelonephritis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1990

Construction of a urease-negative mutant of Proteus mirabilis: analysis of virulence in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection.

Proteus mirabilis, a urease-producing uropathogen, causes serious urinary tract infections in humans. To specifically evaluate the contribution of urease to virulence, a mutation was introduced into P. mirabilis HI4320 by homologous recombination. Virulence was assessed in the CBA mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection. Twenty mice each were challenged transurethrally with P. mirabilis HI4320 and its urease-negative derivative (1 x 10(9) to 2 x 10(9) CFU). At 48 h animals were sacrificed and the mean log10 CFU per milliliter of urine (parent, 6.23; mutant, 4.19; P = 0.0014) or per gram of bladder (parent, 6.29; mutant, 4.28; P = 0.0002), left kidney (parent, 4.11; mutant, 1.02; P = 0.00009), and right kidney (parent, 4.11; mutant, 2.43; P = 0.036) were all shown to be significantly different. These data demonstrate a role for urease as a critical virulence determinant for uropathogenic P. mirabilis.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Purification and N-terminal analysis of urease from Helicobacter pylori.

Urease of Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) is believed to represent a critical virulence determinant for this species. Ammonia generated by hydrolysis of urea may protect the acid-sensitive bacterium as it colonizes human gastric mucosa. An H. pylori strain, cultured from a gastric biopsy of a patient with complaints of abdominal pain and a history of peptic ulcer disease, was isolated on selective medium and cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with 4% fetal calf serum. Whole cells were ruptured by French pressure cell lysis, and soluble protein was chromatographed on DEAE-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose, Mono-Q, and Superose 6 resins. Purified urease represented 6% of the soluble protein of crude extract, was estimated to have a native molecular size of 550 kilodaltons (kDa), and was composed of two distinct subunits of apparent molecular sizes of 66 and 29.5 kDa. On the basis of subunit size, a 1:1 subunit ratio as measured by scanning densitometry of Coomassie blue-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and estimated native molecular size, the data are consistent with a stoichiometry of (29.5 kDa-66 kDa)6 for the structure of the native enzyme. Km for urea was estimated at 0.2 mM. By N-terminal analysis, the 29.5-kDa subunit of H. pylori urease was found to share significant amino acid sequence similarity with the smallest of three subunits of the Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii ureases, as well as to the amino terminus of the unique jack bean subunit. The 66-kDa subunit also shared up to 80% similarity with the largest of three subunits of P. mirabilis, M. morganii, and Klebsiella aerogenes ureases and to internal sequences (amino acids 271 to 285) of the jack bean urease subunit. Thus, the amino acid sequence is conserved among ureases with one, two, and three distinct subunits, suggesting a common ancestral urease gene. Also, urease subunits of M. morganii and jack bean were specifically recognized by antisera raised against the 66-kDa subunit of H. pylori urease, demonstrating that at least some antigenic determinants were conserved among ureases from different species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli and killing of cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells: role of hemolysin in some strains.

Acute pyelonephritis, a complication of Escherichia coli bacteriuria, must represent a bacterial invasion through the kidney epithelium. To study this process, we overlaid bacterial suspensions onto monolayers of cultured human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells and measured cytotoxicity by release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Thirty-four isolates cultured from patients with acute pyelonephritis were screened for the ability to cause pyelonephritis in CBA mice by transurethral challenge. The eight most virulent strains (greater than or equal to 70% of mice challenged developed greater than or equal to 10(3) CFU/g of kidney after 48 h) were selected for study. Each strain displayed mannose-resistant hemagglutination of human O erythrocytes; three strains were phenotypically and genotypically hemolytic. Pyelonephritogenic strains were significantly more cytotoxic (30.1 +/- 9.5% LDH release after 18 h) than eight fecal control strains (13.5 +/- 11.5% LDH release; P = 0.0068). We selected the most cytotoxic strain, CFT073, for further study. Sterile filtrate from this hemolytic strain was significantly more cytotoxic than was the filtrate of the fecal control strain, FN414. Transposon mutagenesis of CFT073 with TnphoA abolished hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity by both whole cells and sterile filtrate. Southern blot analysis revealed that the Tnphoa insertion mapped to the E. coli chromosomal hly determinant within a 12-kilobase SalI restriction fragment. Transformation of a nonhemolytic strain, CPZ005 with plasmid pSF4000, which carries a cloned hemolysin determinant, resulted in highly elevated cytotoxicity. Light micrographs of proximal tubular epithelial cell cultures demonstrated cell damage by pyelonephritogenic strains that was not induced by a fecal strain or the hemolysin-deficient mutant. Results indicate that pyelonephritogenic E. coli strains are more frequently cytotoxic for a putative target, that is, human renal tubular epithelium, than are fecal isolates. Hemolysin, in some strains, is apparently responsible for this cytotoxicity.

Bacterial Toxins↗

PubMed1990

Helicobacter pylori urease activity is toxic to human gastric epithelial cells.

A human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line was used to evaluate the contribution of urease from Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori to its cytotoxicity. Gastric cells cultured in medium supplemented with 20 mM urea were exposed to 5 x 10(6) CFU of H. pylori per ml with or without the addition of a urease inhibitor, acetohydroxamic acid. Viabilities of cells exposed to H. pylori for 2, 24, and 48 h, assessed by incorporation of neutral red dye, were 60, 27, and 16%, respectively; however, the viabilities of cells exposed to both H. pylori and acetohydroxamic acid were 92, 46, and 20% after 2, 24, and 48 h, respectively, (P less than 0.001). Therefore, the urease activity of H. pylori may play an important role in its pathogenicity, and inhibition of this enzyme activity may have therapeutic potential.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1990

Morganella morganii urease: purification, characterization, and isolation of gene sequences.

Morganella morganii, a very common cause of catheter-associated bacteriuria, was previously classified with the genus Proteus on the basis of urease production. M. morganii constitutively synthesizes a urease distinct from that of other uropathogens. The enzyme, purified 175-fold by passage through DEAE-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose, Mono-Q, and Superose 6 chromatography resins, was found to have a native molecular size of 590 kilodaltons and was composed of three distinct subunits with apparent molecular sizes of 63, 15, and 6 kilodaltons, respectively. Amino-terminal analysis of the subunit polypeptides revealed a high degree of conservation of amino acid sequence between jack bean and Proteus mirabilis ureases. Km for urea equalled 0.8 mM. Antiserum prepared against purified enzyme inhibited activity by 43% at a 1:2 dilution after 1 h of incubation. All urease activity was immunoprecipitated from cytosol by a 1:16 dilution. Antiserum did not precipitate ureases of other species except for one Providencia rettgeri strain but did recognize the large subunits of ureases of Providencia and Proteus species on Western blots (immunoblots). Thirteen urease-positive cosmid clones of Morganella chromosomal DNA shared a 3.5-kilobase (kb) BamHI fragment. Urease gene sequences were localized to a 7.1-kb EcoRI-SalI fragment. Tn5 mutagenesis revealed that between 3.3 and 6.6 kb of DNA were necessary for enzyme activity. A Morganella urease DNA probe did not hybridize with gene sequences of other species tested. Morganella urease antiserum recognized identical subunit polypeptides on Western blots of cytosol from the wild-type strain and Escherichia coli bearing the recombinant clone which corresponded to those seen in denatured urease. Although the wild-type strain and recombinant clone produced equal amounts of urease protein, the clone produced less than 1% of the enzyme activity of the wild-type strain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Development of a human stomach explant organ culture system to study the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori.

These studies were undertaken to define conditions under which Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori and viable human gastric mucosa could coexist in tissue culture with the ultimate goal of developing an in vitro experimental model which could be used to study interactions between H. pylori and gastric epithelium. Antral gastric biopsies obtained at upper endoscopy were placed in culture in either CMRL-1066 or keratinocyte growth media and incubated at 37 degrees C in either an oxygen-enriched environment (45% O2, 50% N2, 5% CO2) or a standard oxygen environment (95% air, 5% CO2). Without selective antibiotics to suppress growth of non-H.-pylori organisms, H. pylori could not be isolated from most initially positive tissue even after only 2 h in tissue culture; however, when selective antibiotics were utilized in the tissue culture media, H. pylori was isolated from 9 of 14 initially positive cases after 24-72 h in tissue culture. There was little difference in the morphology of either surface or glandular epithelium in H.-pylori-negative explants between time zero and 48-hour cultures. However, H.-pylori-positive explants after 48 h in tissue culture showed a significant increase in injury to both surface and glandular epithelium when compared to time zero specimens. These data demonstrate that viable H. pylori and human gastric epithelium can be maintained in explant organ culture and suggest that this gastric mucosal explant culture system may be useful in studying the significance of H. pylori infection of human gastric epithelia.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1989

The use of a DNA probe for epidemiological studies of candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts.

Reproducible typing procedures to differentiate isolates of Candida albicans are limited. C. albicans isolates were obtained from immunocompromised patients by using DNA restriction enzyme fragment analysis and hybridization with both a radiolabeled mitochondrial DNA probe and a nonradioactive (biotinylated) DNA probe. There were 110 pathogenic and nonpathogenic C. albicans isolates from 63 immunocompromised patients. EcoRI restriction fragment analysis with the biotinylated probe revealed different "fingerprint" patterns for 60 of 63 patients. Analysis of 57 isolates from 20 patients showed no intrapatient variation regardless of the isolation site. DNA probe "fingerprint" patterns were analyzed for eight patients on serially recovered (range, 2-18 mo) C. albicans isolates. The unique patient profiles persisted over time. The application of this biotinylated C. albicans DNA probe provides a more sensitive means than simple gel restriction fragment analysis to define the epidemiology of C. albicans infection. The use of this biotin-labeled nonradioactive probe has potential application in clinical evaluations of outbreaks of nosocomial candidiasis.

Biotin↗

PubMed1989

Proteus mirabilis urease: nucleotide sequence determination and comparison with jack bean urease.

Proteus mirabilis, a common cause of urinary tract infection, produces a potent urease that hydrolyzes urea to NH3 and CO2, initiating kidney stone formation. Urease genes, which were localized to a 7.6-kilobase-pair region of DNA, were sequenced by using the dideoxy method. Six open reading frames were found within a region of 4,952 base pairs which were predicted to encode polypeptides of 31.0 (ureD), 11.0 (ureA), 12.2 (ureB), 61.0 (ureC), 17.9 (ureE), and 23.0 (ureF) kilodaltons (kDa). Each open reading frame was preceded by a ribosome-binding site, with the exception of ureE. Putative promoterlike sequences were identified upstream of ureD, ureA, and ureF. Possible termination sites were found downstream of ureD, ureC, and ureF. Structural subunits of the enzyme were encoded by ureA, ureB, and ureC and were translated from a single transcript in the order of 11.0, 12.2, and 61.0 kDa. When the deduced amino acid sequences of the P. mirabilis urease subunits were compared with the amino acid sequence of the jack bean urease, significant amino acid similarity was observed (58% exact matches; 73% exact plus conservative replacements). The 11.0-kDa polypeptide aligned with the N-terminal residues of the plant enzyme, the 12.2-kDa polypeptide lined up with internal residues, and the 61.0-kDa polypeptide matched with the C-terminal residues, suggesting an evolutionary relationship of the urease genes of jack bean and P. mirabilis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1989

Microbial ureases: significance, regulation, and molecular characterization.

Microbial ureases hydrolyze urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Urease activity of an infectious microorganism can contribute to the development of urinary stones, pyelonephritis, gastric ulceration, and other diseases. In contrast to these harmful effects, urease activity of ruminal and gastrointestinal microorganisms can benefit both the microbe and host by recycling (thereby conserving) urea nitrogen. Microbial ureases also play an important role in utilization of environmental nitrogenous compounds and urea-based fertilizers. Urease is a high-molecular-weight, multimeric, nickel-containing enzyme. Its cytoplasmic location requires that urea enter the cell for utilization, and in some species energy-dependent urea uptake systems have been detected. Eucaryotic microorganisms possess a homopolymeric urease, analogous to the well-studied plant enzyme composed of six identical subunits. Gram-positive bacteria may also possess homopolymeric ureases, but the evidence for this is not conclusive. In contrast, ureases from gram-negative bacteria studied thus far clearly possess three distinct subunits with Mrs of 65,000 to 73,000 (alpha), 10,000 to 12,000 (beta), and 8,000 to 10,000 (gamma). Tightly bound nickel is present in all ureases and appears to participate in catalysis. Urease genes have been cloned from several species, and nickel-containing recombinant ureases have been characterized. Three structural genes are transcribed on a single messenger ribonucleic acid and translated in the order gamma, beta, and then alpha. In addition to these genes, several other peptides are encoded in the urease operon of some species. The roles for these other genes are not firmly established, but may involve regulation, urea transport, nickel transport, or nickel processing.

Animals↗