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Biomedical subjects

H Koprowski

Publications and source records attributed to H Koprowski.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Epstein-Barr virus in somatic cell hybrids between mouse cells and human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

Somatic cell hybrids between mouse cells and cells derived directly from NPC biopsies were produced in order to study the association of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome and the expression of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) with the human chromosome(s). All attempts to correlate the presence of EBV-DNA and the expression of EBNA with the presence of a particular human chromosome(s) showed that the segregation of EBV-DNA or of EBNA and human chromosomes was dysconcordant. The data, therefore, suggest that in the hybrids studied the presence of EBA-DNA is not determined by the presence of a specific human chromosome.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Virology and histopathology of the trigeminal ganglia of Americans and Japanese.

Herpes simplex virus in the trigeminal ganglia of humans was studied in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, and in Kyoto, Japan. The prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis and of clinically latent herpes simplex virus within trigeminal ganglia was determined in inhabitants of the two cities. In addition, a comparison was made of the prevalence of mononuclear cell infiltration in the trigeminal ganglia of Americans and Japanese. Recurrent herpes labialis was found to be significantly less common in the Japanese city than in the American city. Herpes simplex virus was rescued less commonly from the trigeminal ganglia of cadavers in Japan than in America. The difference was significant. The frequency of mononuclear cell infiltration in the trigeminal ganglia of Americans and Japanese is not significantly different. These observations, as well as previously reported serological studies, suggest that despite the ubiquitous nature of herpes simplex virus in America and Japan, the Japanese have less clinically overt disease caused by this virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Infection of mouse preimplantation embryos with simian virus 40 and polyoma virus.

Mouse two-cell embryos, morulae, and blastocysts were killed when infected in vitro with simian virus 40 (SV40) at high multiplicities of infection. Polyoma virus was not deleterious for preimplantation embryos, even at a very high multiplicity of infection; however, the outgrowths of polyoma-infected blastocysts disintegrated after several days of culture. Indirect immunofluorescence tests revealed the presence of SV40 T and V antigens and polyoma virus V antigen in the nuclei of trophoblastic cells. Virus-specific antigens were not found in the nuclei of cells forming inner cell masses of blastocysts or in inner cell mass-derived cells in blastocyst out-growths. The appearance of SV40 T and V antigens in the nuclei was inhibited by alphaamanitin, a RNA polymerase II inhibitor. The amount of infectious virus recovered from cultures of morulae or blastocysts on subsequent days after infection with SV40 initially declined but later increased. These points of evidence indicate that some cells of early mouse embryos are permissive for the expression of early and late functions of SV40 genome and that susceptibility to infection with polyoma virus and/or permissiveness for the expression of polyoma virus late functions develop gradually between the two-cell and blastocyst stages. Electron microscope observations showed the presence of specific complexes of membranes and virions in the cytoplasm of trophoblastic cells. Single viral particles could be found in the nuclei and also in mitochondria.

Amanitins↗
PubMed1978

Repertoire of antiviral antibodies expressed by somatic cell hybrids.

Fusion between P3 x 63 Ag8 mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with influenza type A or B or parainfluenza type 1 virus generated reproducibly antiviral antibody-producing somatic cell hybrids (hybridomas). Eleven hybridomas derived from spleen cells of mice immunized with influenza type A virus were directed against the viral hemagglutinin, one reacted with a host component derived from chickens, and one expressed a specificity not further characterized. The hybridoma antibodies tended to be highly specific for the hemagglutinin of the immunizing virus and seemed to express the same repertoire of strain-specific antibody reactivities as splenic precursor B cells, they did not express any of the frequently occurring crossreactive anti-hemagglutinin specificities. Hybridomas producing crossreactive antibodies against hemagglutinin could be obtained if priming and boosting virus were heterologous.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Study of antibodies against human melanoma produced by somatic cell hybrids.

We fused spleen lymphocytes obtained from mice immunized against a human melanoma cell line and melanoma-mouse hybrid cells with the P3 X 63 Ag8 mouse myeloma in order to produce hybrids secreting antibodies against a human melanoma. Antibodies secreted by individual hybrids were tested for their reaction with a panel of human melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, and normal cells in an indirect radioimmunoassay, and they displayed different specificities and crossreactivities. Some reacted only with melanomas, whereas others crossreacted with normal human or human colorectal carcinoma cells. By analysis of competitive binding of mixtures of monoclonal antibodies, it was possible to delineate different epitopes on melanomas. Hybrids growing in nude mice and producing antimelanoma antibody suppressed growth of melanoma tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus produced by somatic cell hybridization: detection of antigenic variants.

Somatic cell hybrids (hybridomas) between mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells derived from BALB/c mice immunized with inactivated rabies vaccine were found to produce antibodies to rabies virus. Monoclonal antibodies with different specificities were obtained either from the mass culture directly after fusion or from clones derived from a single-cell cloning procedure. Several strains of fixed or street rabies virus were analyzed by virus neutralization procedures which demonstrated differences in their antigenic composition. Hybridoma antibodies were able to protect experimental animals from lethal rabies virus infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

Isolation and purification of a polymeric form of the glycoprotein of rabies virus.

Of the three major proteins associated with the rabies virus membrane, only the glycoprotein was found to be located on the external surface of the virus membrane. Glycoprotein prepared by treatment of rabies virus with Triton X-100 and purified by isoelectric focusing was found to be homogeneous with respect to size and isoelectric point. This material, which is free of phospholipids, is able to protect in vaccination experiments against a lethal challenge infection with rabies virus. The apparent mol. wt. of this component isolated under non-denaturing conditions is approx. 400000. The same material analysed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was found to consist solely of polypeptide chains of the G protein (mol. wt. 80000). A minor glycoprotein (gp 50), detected by PAGE of the Triton X-100 released material, appeared to be a breakdown product of the G-protein. Therefore the detergent released material represents homopolymers of the G-protein. Whether the antigenic determinants reside on the monomeric subunit or are a property of the polymeric form of the G-protein is discussed.

Epitopes↗
PubMed1978

Effect of removal of the zona pellucida on subsequent development of mouse blastocysts in vitro.

Removal of the zona pellucida allowed mouse blastocysts incapable of hatching in vitro to develop in culture. Blastocysts denuded by pronase always developed further than those of identical age that had hatched spontaneously. More blastocysts mechanically denuded and treated with pronase developed egg cylinder-like structures than did blastocysts mechanically denuded and not treated with pronase. Plastic support gave better development of blastocysts than did glass.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected target cells in humans. II. Interferon induction and activation of natural killer cells.

The mechanisms by which human lymphocytes lyse virus-infected allogeneic fibroblast cultures were analyzed with particular consideration of the role of anti-viral antibodies and interferon. Human cells infected with viruses were able to induce high levels of interferon upon contact with human lymphocytes. Interferon, whether produced by lymphocytes after direct infection with virus or induced upon exposure of lymphocytes to virus-infected fibroblasts, appeared to be responsible for enhancing the cytotoxic efficiency of the natural killer cell against the infected target. Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes occurred as early as 6 hr after addition of interferon and increased up to 24 hr. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (Ab-CMC) could be easily induced by sensitization of infected target cells with antiviral antibodies and could be detected at 4 hr from the beginning of the cytotoxic test, before the effect of interferon on the natural killer cell was evident. However, the antibody-dependent effector cell was inactive after 4 hr of incubation. F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-human IgG completely inhibited Ab-CMC but did not at all affect the spontaneous cytotoxic activity of the effector cells against virus-infected target.

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic↗
PubMed1978

The central nervous system-associated immune response to parainfluenza type I virus in mice.

The immune response in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of BALB/c mice was compared after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation with inactivated parainfluenza type 1 virus. The antiviral antibody response in CSF peaked approximately 11 days after primary i.c. inoculation coinciding with or even slightly preceding the response in the serum. Prior extracerebral priming of the mice by the intranasal or i.v. route did not alter the kinetics of the response in CSF. However, the antibody response in CSF after i.c. inoculation was accelerated if the mice were primed previously by the i.c. route. In all instances, CSF and serum differed markedly with regard to the isotype composition, which was characterized by a 20- to 80-fold increase in IgA over IgG1 and IgG2 in CSF. Taken together, the results prove that part of the antiviral antibodies in CSF are locally produced. In addition, the results indicate that after primary i.c. inoculation with virus, the CNS acquired immunocompetence with regard to the secondary anti-parainfluenza response.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Herpes simplex virus latency in patients with multiple sclerosis, lymphoma and normal humans.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of 12 cadavers (10 traumatic deaths, one lymphoma and one multiple sclerosis). The cadaver with multiple sclerosis showed large bilateral trigeminal nerve root entry zone areas of demyelination. It is hypothesized that HSV is capable of migrating to the trigeminal nerve root entry zone and initiating demyelinating disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Imbalances in T cell subpopulations in multiple sclerosis patients.

Abnormal proportions of a distinct T cell subpopulation able to bind IgG immune complexes (T.G cells) were found in peripheral blood samples from patients with MS. About 50% of the patients examined had an overabundance of T.G cells. The possible role of these cells in the pathogenesis of MS is considered.

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMed1978

Development and clinical trials of the new human rabies vaccine of tissue culture (human diploid cell) origin.

A new type of rabies vaccine for human prophylaxis was developed by workers at the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. Vaccine is prepared from rabies virus infected tissue cultures of human diploid cells and is inactivated following concentration and purification of virus. Vaccine is being successfully used for prophylactic and postexposure treatment in humans with reduced number of doses and is virtually free from adverse reactions associated with the use of other types of rabies vaccines.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1978

Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in humans. Distribution and characterization of the effector cell.

When lymphocytes from healthy donors were tested as effector cells, the cytotoxic activities observed in spontaneous and in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were positively correlated. However, with lymphocyte preparations obtained from renal patients, a dissociation between the two activities was occasionally observed. Human natural killer cells are lymphocytes, with receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG molecules, but with no surface immunoglobulin. Their cytotoxicity is reduced by the presence of granulocytes or monocytes. After separation of rosetting and non-rosetting cells with AET- (2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide) or neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes, the majority of the activity was recovered in the non-rosetting fraction, but a portion of it was present consistently in the rosetting cell fraction. Cells in the latter fraction also displayed receptors for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Isolation of Herpes simplex virus from human trigeminal ganglia, including ganglia from one patient with multiple sclerosis.

Herpes-simplex virus (H.S.V.) was isolated from 18 of 39 trigeminal ganglia (T.G.) obtained within 12 h of death. The virus was isolated from ten persons who had died of trauma, from one case of lymphoma, and from one case of multiple sclerosis. In the cadaver with histologically confirmed multiple sclerosis, large bilateral areas of demyelination were present near the points of entry of the nerve root, and the possibility that H.S.V. migration to the root entry zone caused demyelination cannot be excluded.

Adolescent↗