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Biomedical subjects

H J Rapp

Publications and source records attributed to H J Rapp.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Diagnosis and therapy of tendinitis exemplified by the athletic horse].

This paper reviews the literature and describes our experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of tendinitis in horses. Ultrasonography provides a sensitive tool to diagnose tendinitis and quantitate the degree of damage to the tendon; as well as provide differential diagnoses such as peritendinitis. The principles in therapy of acute tendinitis are: Immediate reduced exercise or rest, physical therapy to reduce inflammation and administration of local and systemic antiinflammatory drugs. The goal is restoration of the tensile strength of the tendon without peritendinous granulation tissue and adhesions. To achieve this goal it is important to maximize the intrinsic healing and to minimize the extrinsic healing. Any form of counterirritation is forbidden because of increase of inflammation. Passive motion and massage will help to increase blood flow and to decrease adhesions. Local injection (peritendinous and intratendinous) of hyaluronic acid seems to increase the intrinsic healing and to decrease adhesions without side effects. Depending on the extent of the tendon damage, which tendon is involved and the progress toward healing controlled ultrasonographically, the healing period can be divided in 4 phases: 1. Immobilisation (Cast), only in severe cases (for 1-2 weeks). 2. Passive motion and massage (starting as soon as possible, usually at once during bandage change). 3. Careful exercise, hand walk or walk under saddle (for 1-6 months, starting as soon as possible, usually about 5 days after initial treatment). 4. Controlled slow and gradual training, no turnout, long or pasture (for 1-6 months, after phase 3). Chronic tendinitis is often caused when the severity of the initial injury is underestimated and the treatment inappropriate. Chronic tendinitis is treated using similar principles starting with phase 2. Tendon splitting and other surgical approaches have been used in selected cases to enhance the prognosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Riding arenas and different riding track surfaces in relation to the airway contamination in horses. Laboratory studies on riding surfaces].

29 samples of commonly used surfaces were tested for their water characteristics (litre weight, water capacity, water binding, water evaporation) and their contribution to airborne fungal spores (dust formation, dust setting). The results are discussed in comparison to the literature with regard to the environment. The results are: 1. Any surface--no matter of what material--eventually causes air pollution with fungal spores and dust. 2. Correct watering prevents air pollution by any surface. 3. Artificial products have no advantage over natural materials in the parameters tested. 4. The question of proper disposal of old surface material has to be clarified before purchase. The results show that a mixture of sand and wood shavings should be recommended as a surface for indoor arenas, especially in regard to environmental protection and proper disposal.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1992

[Management of acute tendinitis].

Ultrasonography must be used in combination with physical examination for the appropriate diagnosis of acute tendon injuries. Therapy should be designed to return the tendon to its normal function and appearance. Local and systemic anti-inflammatory agents, cold hydrotherapy and massage minimize excessive scar formation and progressively increasing tensile forces directs scar tissue to replace the tendon function.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Studies in riding arenas and on different riding path surfaces with respect to respiratory tract contamination in horses. Air hygiene studies in riding arenas].

Using the direct sedimentation method, the air pollution with fungal spores was measured in indoor riding arenas and compared to horse stables, outside riding arenas and covered sport courts. Depending on the location of indoor arenas and stables, the presence of "dust-nests", the number of horses ridden, and the moisture of the tread layer, an air pollution was measured which was equivalent to that in stables except at times of feeding and straw-giving. Outside and in sport arenas a low air pollution was found. Recommendations are given, regarding optimum air hygiene especially for horses with chronic and subclinical respiratory conditions.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1990

[Perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases].

Patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) often have coronary artery disease (CAD) which means an increased risk during anesthesia. The prevalence of CAD is nearly 50% among such patients. Owing to claudication, diagnostic stress tests can rarely be performed in PVD patients. In order to evaluate the frequency of transient perioperative myocardial ischemia, Holter monitoring was performed in 30 consecutive PVD patients with ASA II-III and AVK scale (Fontaine) II-IV who were undergoing femoropopliteal bypass surgery. Patients who had left bundle branch block and left ventricular hypertrophy or were taking digitalis medication were excluded from Holter monitoring. The ST-segment analysis of the frequency modulated recordings (n = 19) revealed episodes of myocardial ischemia in 26% of the patients. Most (75%) of the episodes occurred preoperatively, and 25%, during or after the anesthesia or during preparation for it. Risk factors for CAD were more often found in patients with ST segment alterations than in patients without ST segment deviations, even though the preoperative antianginal medication administered was comparable in the two subgroups. It is concluded that in a considerable subset of PVD patients silent myocardial ischemia occurs, which can be related to the different perioperative intervals by means of ST segment analyses of Holter recordings. The ST segment may allow a better insight into the cardiac state of PVD patients. Further studies are necessary in larger populations to test our suspicion.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

[Changes in several blood and urine parameters during combined hyperfluid therapy for the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) in the horse].

During the combination of oral and intravenous application of saline solution for treatment of the COPD of horses the level of hydraemia basing on the total protein concentration in the serum, the urine production and the specific weight of urine was determined. Additionally the development of serum concentration and of renal excretion rates of potassium, calcium and magnesium were ascertained. The level of hydraemia resulting from the combined method is almost identical with the solely intravenous performed hyperinfusion therapy. Due to the excessive application of fluid an extremely high level of urine production is reached which causes a reduced specific weight as well as an increased renal excretion of potassium, calcium and magnesium. The result is a real loss of electrolytes which is - apart from hydraemia - the reason for the lower level of the corresponding serum concentrations. This seems to be important, especially for potassium and magnesium, because the organism is unable to compensate the loss of these electrolytes in the same way as the loss of calcium. In connection with the renal loss of electrolytes during the high level of urine production glucosuria is observed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Eradication of microscopic hepatic metastases by active specific immunization.

Strain-2 guinea pigs, each with microscopic deposits of line 10 hepatocarcinoma in the liver, were treated by ID immunization with a mixture of irradiated tumor cells and an oil-in-water emulsion containing cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis strain Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG CWE). Injection of line 10 hepatoma cells into the hepatic portal vein led to the development of tumor foci in the liver, metastasis in the hepatic lymph node, malignant ascites, and death. Active immunization using irradiated line 10 cells and BCG CWE was effective therapy when administered 1, 7, and 14 days after intraportal injection of line 10 cells. Effective immunization required both irradiated line 10 tumor cells and the BCG cell wall emulsion. Immunization with BCG CWE admixed with irradiated line 1 tumor cells, a hepatoma antigenically distinct from line 10, did not prevent outgrowth of line 10 deposits in the liver. Animals rendered free of disease could reject a challenge of line 10 tumor cells but not of line 1 tumor cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mechanisms of immunological eradication of a syngeneic guinea pig tumor. II. Effect of methotrexate treatment and T cell depletion of the recipient on adoptive immunity.

The influence of methotrexate on the development of immunity to the line 10 hepatoma was studied in guinea pigs. Chronic methotrexate treatment had no apparent effect on the ability of immune guinea pigs to suppress the growth of inoculated tumor cells. In contrast, the same methotrexate regimen inhibited the development of tumor immunity if started before the 8th day after immunization with a vaccine containing viable line 10 cells admixed with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) cell walls. Thus, methotrexate selectively inhibited the afferent limb of the immune response. In adoptive transfer experiments, methotrexate-treated recipient guinea pigs were capable of being passively sensitized with immune spleen cells, indicating that the primary cell-mediated immune response of the recipient was not required for adoptive immunity. The contribution of recipient T cells in adoptive immunity was further investigated in guinea pigs deleted of T cells by thymectomy, irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution. Despite demonstrable deficiency in T lymphocyte reactions, "B" animals were fully capable of rejecting tumors after transfer of immune cells. These results suggest that the expression of adoptive immunity was independent of recipient T cell participation. In addition, sublethal irradiation of immune spleen cells prior to adoptive transfer abolished their efficacy. Proliferation of transferred immune cells in the recipient may be essential for expression of adoptive immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Immunoprophylaxis of an ocular solid malignant tumor in cattle.

Individual Hereford cows bearing benign precursor lesions of ocular squamous cell carcinoma were treated by intralesional injection of mycobacterial cell walls in an oil-in-water emulsion in an attempt to interrupt neoplastic progression. Thirty-one months after treatment, statistical analysis of data indicated that intralesional BCG cell wall vaccine can interrupt this process and provides effective immunoprophylactic prevention of malignant disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Immunotherapy of guinea pigs with a transplanted hepatoma: comparison of intralesionally injected emulsions containing heat-killed Nocardia rubra, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and Mycobacterium phlei.

Heat-killed cells of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium phlei and Nocardia rubra were each tested in emulsified form for their ability to cause regression of established dermal transplants and lymph node metastases of a syngeneic hepatocarcinoma in guinea pigs. On a weight basis, BCG was superior to N. rubra in causing tumor regression. Under the conditions tested N. rubra was inferior to M. phlei in its antitumor activity. M. phlei and BCG were approximately the same in their therapeutic potency. In BCG-sensitized guinea pigs, N. rubra provoked a weaker delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) reaction than did BCG. In N. rubra-sensitized guinea pigs, BCG provoked a weaker DCH reaction than did N. rubra. Purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis was more active in eliciting DCH in BCG-sensitized guinea pigs than in animals sensitized with N. rubra.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of bacille Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy on feline sarcoma virus-induced neoplasms in the cat.

Kittens infected experimentally with feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) were inoculated with emulsions of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) cell wall preparations to determine the effect of BCG immunotherapy on FeSV-induced sarcoma-genesis. The BCG preparations or emulsificant control preparations were administered (i) subcutaneously at the same time and site as was the FeSV inoculation, (ii) at the same site but 1 week after FeSV inoculation, or (iii) with a mixture of viable autochthonous neoplastic cells approximately 35 days after FeSV inoculation. There was no difference in the percentage of kittens that developed neoplasms, the prepatent period for neoplastic development, the percentage of kittens with neoplastic regression, or the survival rate among groups given BCG, emulsificant control, or FeSV alone. Significantly (P less than 0.05) greater dissemination of neoplasms was seen in groups given BCG or emulsificant control preparations, compared with dissemination in groups given FeSV alone.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Mechanisms of immunologic eradication of a syngeneic guinea pig tumor. I. Quantitative analysis of adoptive immunity.

Adoptive immunity against a syngeneic hepatoma (line-10) of Sewall-Wright inbred strain 2 guinea pigs was analyzed by a two-dimensional titration of iv transferred immune lymphoid cells versus intradermal tumor challenges. Tumor resistance increased exponentially as a function of the number of immune lymphoid cells transferred. Within the tumor challenge doses analyzed, suppression of tumor growth mediated by the transferred immune lymphoid cells appeared to be independent of the primary immune response in the recipient. Quantitatively, rejection of a given number of tumor cells reflected the number of transferred immune cells and was independent of the presence of the same tumor at other skin sites. There was no evidence indicating that transferred immune cells were attracted specifically to the tumor inoculation site. The number of tumor cells that could be rejected at a skin site by adoptive immunity was greater than the estimated number of immune lymphoid cells present at the challenge site.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Immunotherapy by intralesional injection of BCG cell walls or live BCG in bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: a preliminary report.

Cows of the Dutch Frisian and Maas-Rijn-IJssel breed with histologically confirmed ocular squamous cell carcinoma showed complete regression of the primary tumor in 70 or 60% of the cases after intralesional injection of a BCG cell wall or live BCG vaccine, respectively. Recurrence of the tumor was observed in 57% of the animals treated with BCG cell walls and in 25% of the animals treated with live BCG vaccine. Spontaneous regression was seen in 20% of the untreated cows. In a second control group, radical surgery, the most successful treatment for primary stage I tumors in humans, resulted in a 90% cure. Influence of immunotherapy on metastases could not yet be fully evaluated. White blood cell counts were not changed after therapy. It was not possible to link a favorable response to BCG therapy with the intensity of the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to purified protein derivative of mycobacteriae (PPD) or the formation of antibodies to BCG as determined by a micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, in animals that showed tumor regression, the DTH reaction to PPD had a tendency to persist for a longer period of time. It was concluded that 1) block resection was the best method of treatment for this tumor, 2) a single intralesional injection of a BCG cell wall vaccine was as effective as live BCG vaccine in the induction of complete regression of the primary tumor, 3) in this preliminary study BCG cell wall vaccine was less effective than live BCG vaccine in the prevention of recurrence, and 4) this naturally occurring tumor model is well suited for the study of the influence of BCG immunotherapy in a primary stage I tumor.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Eradication by active specific immunotherapy of established tumor transplants and microscopic lymph node metastases.

Guinea pigs, each with an established syngeneic dermal line 10 tumor and microscopic lymph node metastases, were immunized by injection of a mixture of irradiated line 10 tumor cells and an oil-in-water emulsion containing heat-killed cells of Mycobacterium bovis strain Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Squalane or squalene-in-water emulsions, prepared by ultrasonication and containing mg doses of mycobacterial cells, were effective adjuvants. Immunization eradicated established dermal tumors (about 10 mm in diameter) and prevented growth of microscopic lymph node metastases. Untreated animals, animals treated by intradermal administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin cells attached to oil droplets alone or with irradiated tumor cells alone, all died with progressive tumor growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Treatment by limited surgery and specific immunization of guinea pigs with stage II experimental cancer.

The malignant disease produced in guinea pigs by intradermal inoculation of line-10 was allowed to progress to stage II, at which time the dermal tumor and the first draining lymph node were grossly evident. At that stage, the external appearance of the next draining lymph node was normal, but it contained tumor cells. Limited surgery consisting of excision of the dermal tumor and first draining lymph node was not curative; palpable metastases developed in the second and other draining lymph nodes, and at autopsy, some animals were found to have gross, visible lung metastases. Immunization of guinea pigs with a mixture of irradiated syngeneic tumor cells plus mycobacterial cell walls in an oil-in-water emulsion eradicated tumor cells remaining in lymph nodes after limited surgery for stage II experimental cancer and prevented progression of the disease to stage III. Tumor intravenously implanted in the lungs of animals after limited surgery for stage II disease was also eliminated by immunization.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Regression by active specific immunotherapy of established dermal tumor transplants and lymph node metastases in guinea pigs.

Guinea pigs, each with an established, syngeneic dermal tumor (line-10) and microscopic lymph node metastasis, were treated by intradermal inoculation of living line-10 tumor cells admixed with emulsified heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis BCG cells. This treatment caused complete regression of established dermal tumors (about 10 mm in diameter) and prevented the growth of microscopic lymph node metastases in 25 of 39 treated animals (64%). All control animals treated by intradermal inoculation with heat-killed M. bovis BCG cells attached to oil droplets died with progressive dermal and lymphatic tumor growth.

Animals↗