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Biomedical subjects

H J Ehrlein

Publications and source records attributed to H J Ehrlein.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effects of nutrients on gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying after Billroth-I gastrectomy in dogs.

We wanted to clarify the way in which nutrients influence gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying following distal gastrectomy with Billroth-I gastroduodenostomy. Four gastrectomized dogs were equipped with extraluminal strain gauge transducers. Gastric emptying was measured radiographically. Four intact dogs were used as controls for emptying studies. Following gastrectomy, gastric emptying of both acaloric and nutrient meals was rapid in the initial period of the experiments. Gastric outflow was supported by propagating duodenal contractions. Compared with control dogs, the early emptying of nutrient meals was accelerated. In the following period, nutrients markedly slowed gastric emptying compared with acaloric meals due to a segmenting contractile pattern of the duodenum and a significant diminution of gastrointestinal motility. Results suggest that after Billroth-I gastrectomy (1) the control of gastric emptying by nutrients acts too late to slow the initial enhanced gastric outflow, and (2) the duodenal contractile patterns influence gastric emptying.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Canine motility and gastric emptying after subtotal gastrectomy.

The aim of the present study was to elucidate factors influencing gastric emptying in dogs after a two-thirds distal gastrectomy with either Roux-Y or Billroth I reconstruction. The effects of a medium-viscosity nutrient meal on gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying were investigated. Motility was recorded with long-term implanted extraluminal strain gauge force transducers; gastric emptying was measured radiographically. Gastric emptying after Roux-Y gastrectomy was almost linear and not different from that in intact control dogs. In contrast to Roux-Y gastrectomy, emptying after Billroth I gastrectomy was initially accelerated and followed by a slow emptying phase. During the initial period, the segmenting activity of the Roux-Y limb significantly differed from the propulsive contractile pattern of the duodenum after Billroth I reconstruction. Force and frequency of gastrointestinal contractions were equivalent after both reconstruction procedures. Results indicate that after subtotal gastrectomy, the intestinal contractile patterns are important determinants of gastric emptying. They are the main causes for the different emptying patterns of viscous nutrient meals.

Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y↗
PubMed1988

Digestive motor patterns and transit of luminal contents in canine ileum.

In the present study ileal motor patterns caused by orally administered noncaloric and nutrient meals were investigated. Effects of nutrients were additionally elucidated by an ileal infusion of nutrients. Conscious dogs equipped with closely spaced extraluminal transducers were used. Motor patterns were quantified by a computerized method. Transit rates were measured fluoroscopically. Compared with the motor pattern caused by the noncaloric meal, the nutrient meal diminished the number of contractions from 11.7 to 5.9/min, reduced the incidence of contraction waves from 70.8 to 39.4%, shortened the length of contraction spread from 4.0 to 1.4 cm, and slowed the transit rate from 18.4 to 3.2 cm/min. Ileal infusion of nutrients induced a motor pattern similar to that of the nutrient meal. The transit rate correlated with the length of contraction spread (r = 0.75), the ratio between contraction waves and stationary contractions (r = 0.77), and the number of contractions (r = 0.69). The length of contraction spread was the most characteristic feature of motor patterns and the most important factor influencing transit.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Motility of the pyloric sphincter studied by the inductograph method in conscious dogs.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the motility of the pyloric sphincter in conscious dogs by means of extraluminal transducers. For this purpose induction coils were chronically implanted in 12 dogs. After a meal the pylorus opened and closed in relation to the gastric waves. The mean changes in pyloric diameter were 5.4 +/- 1.0 mm. During phase I of the interdigestive state, the mean degree of pyloric opening was 39 +/- 18%. Gastric contractions occurring during phase II or phase III were accompanied with a marked increase in pyloric diameter; the degree of pyloric opening was 93 +/- 12%. Duodenal instillations of hydrochloric acid or oleic acid significantly diminished the pyloric diameter. Nutrients added to a viscous meal also diminished the pyloric opening significantly in comparison with an acaloric meal. Results suggest that the pyloric sphincter is involved in the control of gastric emptying. The inductograph is a useful technique to study pyloric activity without impediment of luminal flow in animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Dopamine delays gastric emptying and induces retrograde power contractions with enterogastric reflux.

The purpose of the study was to elucidate the effects of dopamine on gastroduodenal motility and gastric emptying of an acaloric viscous meal. In four conscious dogs, antral, pyloric and duodenal contractions were recorded with extraluminal strain gage force transducers and induction coils. Gastric emptying was assessed radiographically. Dopamine at low dose (5 micrograms/kg x min) significantly diminished gastric emptying. It was mainly caused by a reduction in the contraction force of the antral waves. Dopamine at higher dose (10-15 micrograms/kg x min) induced retrograde power contractions accompanied by enterogastric reflux. When the dopamine infusion was stopped after the occurrence of a reverse power contraction, the antrum exhibited forceful contractions but gastric emptying ceased due to a profound decrease in antral tone. The results suggest that dopamine 1) inhibits gastric emptying of viscous meals, 2) induces reverse power contractions independently from vomiting, and that 3) antral tone is a basic requirement for gastric emptying of viscous meals.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Gastric emptying after Roux-Y and Billroth-I gastrectomy depends on viscosity of meal and contractile patterns of small intestine in dogs.

The aim of the study was to examine gastrointestinal motility after distal gastrectomy and the influence of meal viscosity on gastric emptying. Gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying of acaloric meals with different viscosities were measured in normal dogs and after a two-thirds gastrectomy with Billroth-I or Roux-Y gastroenterostomy. After distal gastrectomy, gastric emptying depended on the viscosity of the meal, as in normal dogs. Acaloric viscous meals emptied significantly faster in the Billroth-I than in the Roux-Y group due to different contractile patterns of the duodenum and jejunum. In comparison to normal dogs, gastric emptying of viscous meals was accelerated in the Billroth-I and delayed in the Roux-Y group. Several motility parameters of the stomach and intestine differed between the normal and gastrectomized dogs. Thus, after distal gastrectomy, the viscosity of the meal and the contractile patterns of the small intestine are important determinants of gastric emptying.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of nutrients on gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying after distal gastrectomy with Roux-Y gastrojejunostomy in dogs.

The aim of the study was to clarify whether nutrients are still capable of slowing gastric emptying following Roux-Y gastrectomy, as in normal dogs. Gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying of acaloric and nutritive meals with different viscosities were measured in normal dogs and after a two-thirds Roux-Y gastrectomy. In gastrectomized dogs low-viscosity nutritive meals emptied unduly rapidly in an initial phase, although the frequency and spread of contractions, ie, the propulsive activity of the jejunal Roux limb were diminished. A slow emptying rate during the following period was due to a long-lasting inhibition of gastric and jejunal motility. Medium-viscosity nutritive meals emptied in gastrectomized dogs as slowly as in normal animals, but this effect was primarily caused by the meal viscosity and only secondarily by the nutrients. It is concluded that following Roux-Y gastrectomy a regulation of gastric emptying is preserved; however, the onset of an effective control is delayed, resulting in a rapid initial emptying of low-viscosity meals.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Mechanical factors regulating gastric emptying examined by the effects of exogenous cholecystokinin and secretin on canine gastroduodenal motility.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the variables of gastroduodenal motility determining gastric emptying. For this purpose the effects of exogenous cholecystokinin, secretin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide on motility and gastric emptying were studied during a meal. Motility was measured with extraluminal strain gage force transducers and induction coils in unanaesthetized dogs. The pyloric diameter and the duodenal lumen were evaluated from radiographs. Gastric emptying of an acaloric cellulose meal was determined radiographically. When compared with control infusion of saline, cholecystokinin (1.7 Ivy units X kg-1 X h-1) and secretin (1.7 clinical units X kg-1 X h-1) delayed gastric emptying and diminished the force of the antral contractions, the force and frequency of the duodenal contractions, and opening of the pylorus. The contractile patterns of the duodenum were changed from propulsive to segmenting activity. Cholecystokinin additionally diminished the duodenal lumen. In contrast, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (1.5 microgram X kg-1 X h-1) did not influence gastroduodenal motility and gastric emptying. It is concluded that the motility parameters that were significantly altered by cholecystokinin and secretin are involved in the control of gastric emptying, while other parameters that remained unchanged play a minor role in the regulating process.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Motor patterns of small intestine determined by closely spaced extraluminal transducers and videofluoroscopy.

In the canine small intestine several simple (S) and complex (C) patterns of propulsive and nonpropulsive activities were found. The nonpropulsive activity consisted of 1) stationary individual contractions (S) and 2) stationary clusters of contractions (C). Patterns leading to aboral propulsion of luminal contents were 1) propagating contractions (S), 2) propagating power contractions (S), 3) phase III of the migrating motor complex (C), and 4) migrating clusters of contractions (C). The propagation velocities of the propulsive motor patterns differed markedly; they increased in the following order: phase III, migrating clustered contractions, propagating power contractions, propagating contractions. A retrograde transport of luminal contents was produced by two different activities: 1) retrograde propagating contractions (S) and 2) retrograde power contractions (S). They were accompanied with enterogastric reflux.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Interdigestive contractile patterns of the ileum in dogs.

The aim of this study is to elucidate the nature of ileal interdigestive contractile patterns by the computerized analysis of the contraction spread and by videofluoroscopy. Conscious dogs equipped with closely spaced strain-gauge force transducers were used. Two patterns of repetitive, phasic contractions were recorded, migrating clusters and phase IIIs; both patterns consisted of repetitive, propagated contractions. Both patterns migrated aborad by sequential movement of contraction waves down the bowel. Consequently, the rate of migration of either of the entire patterns was slower than the propagation velocity of constituent, individual contraction waves. Both patterns differed in several parameters, especially the propagated contractions of the clusters spread over shorter distances (1.47 +/- 0.4 cm) than those of phase III (4.65 +/- 0.99 cm). Compared with these complex patterns, propagating power contractions represented single contractions that propagated aborad at the same velocity as the contraction waves of the complex patterns. All three patterns propelled luminal contents distally.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of neurohormonal agents on jejunal contraction spread and transit in the fed dog.

The jejunal contraction patterns of dogs in response to intravenous infusion of neurotensin, somatostatin, secretin, and met-enkephalin were analyzed. The peptides were given after administration of a noncaloric viscous cellulose meal. A computer was used to determine the length of spread of contraction waves, their contraction force, the contraction frequency, and the motility index. Transit rates of luminal content were assessed videofluoroscopically. During saline infusion the cellulose meal was propelled aborally at a transit rate of 3.1 +/- 1.1 cm/s; the corresponding length of spread of contraction waves was 10.3 +/- 1.5 cm. All peptides decreased both the transit rate (0.45-1.81 cm/s) and the contraction spread (3.7-6.2 cm). Neurotensin increased the contraction force, but had no effect on contraction frequency and motility index. The other peptides reduced the motility index and the frequency and force of contractions. It was shown that the peptides influenced intestinal contraction patterns and the transit rate of luminal content. The length of spread of contraction waves was found to be most important in the regulation of transit.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Mechanical characteristics of phase II and phase III of the interdigestive migrating motor complex in dogs.

In conscious dogs certain parameters of the jejunal interdigestive phase II and phase III activity were studied by means of closely spaced strain gauges and videofluoroscopy. During phase III the frequency, force, and rise time of contractions and the contraction spread were increased, whereas the intercontractile intervals and the propagation velocity of contractions were diminished in comparison to phase II. The contraction waves of phase III were variable with regard to their length of spread and their rate of caudad migration. These two parameters adjusted the duration, the propagation velocity, and the length of the activity front. Propagation of contractions was sometimes interrupted by periods of uncoupling. Propagation velocities within contraction waves varied according to the pattern slow-fast-slow-fast, producing the videofluoroscopically observed roller coaster movements of the luminal contents. It is concluded that phase II and phase III are characterized not only by the occurrence of irregular and regular activity but by a significant change of a number of contraction parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Postprandial patterns of canine jejunal motility and transit of luminal content.

The effects of different nutrient meals and a noncaloric viscous cellulose meal (control) on the motor activity of the canine jejunum were studied. Contraction patterns were detected through six closely spaced, strain-gauge transducers and were analyzed by a computer. Luminal transit was assessed videofluoroscopically. Control meals moved rapidly (1.9 cm/s) along the jejunum. This was achieved by contractions that occurred at a high frequency (12.8 cpm) and propagated over long distances (9.9 cm). In contrast, the transit rates of the nutrient meals were considerably slower (0.5-1.0 cm/s), the frequency of contractions (5.0-8.9 cpm) and the length of spread of contraction waves (2.6-4.8 cm) were decreased, and the incidence of stationary contractions occurring individually or in clusters was increased. A mathematical model incorporating frequency of contractions and the length of their propagation was used to predict the transit of jejunal contents. The results of correlation tests and of the mathematical model revealed that the length of spread of contraction waves was the most important factor that influenced transit.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The control mechanisms of gastric emptying are not overridden by motor stimulants.

We wanted to determine if an acceleration of the normal emptying rate by motor stimulants interfers with control mechanisms limiting gastric emptying. Therefore, we studied the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP) and cisapride on canine gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying after ingestion of viscous acaloric and nutritive meals. Prolonged contractions and relaxations that change lumen size (isotonic component) and wall tension (isometric component) are defined as "basal contractions" and "basal relaxations", respectively. The nutrient meal emptied much slower than the acaloric meal due to several alterations of gastric, pyloric, and duodenal motility. Both drugs stimulated antral motility but failed to accelerate gastric emptying of the nutrient meal. The main causes for the failure were a basal relaxation of the proximal antrum and a basal contraction of the duodenum. In conclusion, basal contractions of the proximal antrum and duodenum play an important role in the process of gastric emptying, and under physiological conditions the control mechanisms of gastric emptying provide an optimal emptying rate that cannot be markedly accelerated by 5-HTP and cisapride.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1986

5-Hydroxytryptophan and cisapride stimulate propulsive jejunal motility and transit of chyme in dogs.

We investigated in conscious dogs the effects of intravenously administered 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and cisapride on the postprandial jejunal mechanical activity by means of six closely spaced extraluminal strain gauge transducers. Drugs were given after administration of a nutrient meal. 5-HTP was given additionally after the administration of a noncaloric cellulose meal. Computer assistance was used to determine the temporal and spatial relationship of contractions and thereby to evaluate the length of spread of contractile waves. Both substances increased the propulsive activity, the contractile force and the motility index and fastened the transit rate of digesta. 5-HTP exhibited the most potent effect when given after administration of the nutrient meal.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1986

Neurotensin slows gastric emptying by a transient inhibition of gastric and a prolonged inhibition of duodenal motility.

The effect of neurotensin (10 pmol/kg/min) on gastric emptying was investigated in 5 dogs. Gastroduodenal motility was recorded with strain-gauge transducers and induction coils, gastric emptying was measured radiographically. In the first 15 min, neurotensin abolished gastric emptying, reduced antral and duodenal contractions and diminished the pyloric opening and the duodenal lumen. Subsequently, antral and pyloric activity returned to control values. The emptying rate remained diminished due to segmenting contractions and a small lumen of the duodenum. Results suggest that neurotensin influences gastric emptying mainly by its long-lasting action on the duodenum.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Computer analysis of intestinal motility: effects of cholecystokinin and neurotensin on jejunal contraction patterns.

The motility of the intestine consists of various contractile patterns which have either segmenting or propulsive function. To differentiate and quantify intestinal contractile patterns the temporal and spatial relation of several closely spaced transducers have to be analysed. For this purpose a special computer method was developed. The system consists of a subsystem for data acquisition and on-line peak detection and a personal computer for data storage and off-line analysis. The subsystem identifies each contraction on the basis of preestablished threshold and timing criteria. Economical and appropriate processing of signals from multichannel recordings requires data reduction which is performed by storing only the voltage and time characteristics of the contraction minimum and maximum. Subsequent analysis of the stored data, especially the measurement of the length of spread of contractions yields a more detailed analysis than commonly obtained. This method enables a rapid detection and exact numerical analysis of signals independent of their wave shapes. Intravenous infusion of neurotensin after administration of a non-caloric cellulose meal decreased the length of spread of contraction waves and slowed the transit rate of luminal contents. Cholecystokinin had a powerful stimulating effect by increasing the length of spread of contraction waves and by accelerating the transit rate.

Animals↗