Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

H Herzog

Publications and source records attributed to H Herzog.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Cloned human neuropeptide Y receptor couples to two different second messenger systems.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian nervous system and exhibits a diverse range of important physiological activities, including effects on psychomotor activity, food intake, regulation of central endocrine secretion, and potent vasoactive effects on the cardiovascular system. Two major subtypes of NPY receptor (Y1 and Y2) have been defined by pharmacological criteria. We report here the molecular cloning of a cDNA sequence encoding a human NPY receptor and the corrected sequence for a rat homologue. Analysis of this sequence confirms that the receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. When expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or human embryonic kidney (293) cells, the receptor exhibits the characteristic ligand specificity of a Y1 type of NPY receptor. In the 293 cell line, the receptor is coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein that mediates the inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation. In the CHO cell line, the receptor is coupled not to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase but rather to the elevation of intracellular calcium. These results demonstrate that second messenger coupling of the NPY-Y1 receptor is cell type specific, depending on the specific repertoire of G proteins and effector systems present in any cell type.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1992

A history of significant steroid discoveries and developments originating at the Schering Corporation (USA) since 1948.

A firsthand historical account of some of the significant contributions of the steroid research group at the Schering Corporation (Bloomfield, NJ, USA) to the discovery and/or development of important therapeutic agents is presented. These include the discovery of the antiinflammatory corticosteroid drugs prednisone, prednisolone, and betamethasone, all of which, more than 30 years after their introduction, continue to enjoy wide use in human and animal medical practice throughout the world.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1979

[Basis of respiratory insufficiency].

Setting out from the components of respiratory function, i.e., ventilation, distribution, diffusion, circulation, respiratory mechanics, and regulation of breathing, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to respiratory failure are discussed. In every case, the vital capacity is decreased by 4 factors, namely loss of ventilated lung parenchyma, diminished compliance of lungs, thorax or both, airway obstruction, and insufficient respiratory airflow. With few exceptions, these alterations can be attributed to the two general groups of obstructive and restrictive disturbances of ventilation. Essential for the understanding of airway obstruction from the viewpoint of mechanical ventilation is the dependence of the airway caliber on lung volume, thoracic pressure, and bronchial gas flow. The functional differentiation of restrictive disorders between forms with lung retraction(fibrosis, scarring) and with lung fettering (pleural thickening) is important for adequate correction of complications during the intensive care phase. Respiratory failure is the consequence of these alterations which usually impede pulmonary gas exchange. Hypoxemia results in most situations through disturbance of ventilation/perfusion ratio, especially increase of anatomical or functional pulmonary right-to-left shunting. Disturbance of diffusion or alveolar hypoventilation are far less frequently leading mechanisms for hypoxemia. The differential diagnosis of these hypoxemic mechanisms is generally by arterial blood gas analysis under resting conditions breathing air and 100% oxygen, and during exercise. Respiratory failure often leads to hypertension in the lesser circulation. Pulmonary arterial hypertension must be subdivided into the active, the passive and the hyperdynamic forms, of which only the active component is important for the evaluation of pulmonary insufficiency since only this kind of elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation is connected with increased vascular resistance due to thoracopulmonary disease. By restoration of normoxic conditions, the functional variant of active pulmonary hypertension can be efficiently improved by correction of respiratory disease or directly by treatment with oxygen and by mechanical ventilation. Finally, disturbances of gas transport in the blood may have an essential bearing on respiratory failure, but are often overlooked in diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Shifting of the oxygen-dissociation curve to the left may, by increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, create a lack of oxygen in the peripheral tissue, while right wardshifting impedes oxygenation of hemoglobin in the lung. Thus, the correction of acidosis and elevated body temperature may become an important factor in the treatment of respiratory failure.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1979

[Presurgical determination of lung function in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma].

90 out of 202 lung cancer patients hospitalized for preoperative investigations were scheduled for radical surgery. 15 patients were not operated on because of insufficient lung function data. The operation was performed in 75 patients. The complication rate was 11% and mortality 8%. 7 out of 8 patients who subsequently developed severe complications had fulfilled the criteria for lung resection only after intensive antibronchitic treatment. Nearly all the survivors showed the predicted preoperative minimal lung function values after the operation. The limit of 1000 ml for postoperative FEV1 is justified, since patients with these or larger functional reserves nearly all had a favourable early and late postoperative course, and also because lung function values continuously deteriorate in chronic obstructive lung disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Dose response relationship of clenbuterol (NAB 365) as a solution for inhalation.

The dose-response relationship of the new bronchodilator Clenbuterol (NAB 365, Boehringer Ingelheim) was tested in 12 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Clenbuterol is a beta-2-sympathicomimetic, from a series of substituted phenylethanolamines, and it is characterised by good absorption and prolonged action after systemic administration. The action of four different doses of Clenbuterol inhalation solution (6, 12, 24, and 48 microgram corresponding to 2, 4, 8 and 16 drops of a 0.006% solution) was assessed after a single inhalation on 4 successive days. The parameters monitored were bronchial resistance and FEV. The effect of all four doses was the same, both in respect of improvement in FEV and of decrease in bronchial resistance. The increase in expiratory volume and the decrease in bronchial resistance lasted for 6 h. The results show that for inhalation therapy Clenbuterol is a potent, selective bronchodilator, which is largely free of sideeffects. It has still to be determined whether a maximal effect could be achieved with a lower dose 6 microgram.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Thorascopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic precaution in lung and pleural diseases].

Thoracoscopy is a method involving little discomfort for the patient but of high diagnostic effectiveness for pleural alterations. A histological diagnosis was established in 56 cases out of a total of 60 pleural effusions of unknown origin. In 10 pleural or pleuropulmonary diseases, anatomical classification was possible in all cases. In cases of pneumothorax (21 patients) the bronchopleural fistula could very often be seen and closure by detaching of pleural adhesions or cauterization was possible. These manipulations are usually followed by insufflation of sterile talcum powder through the thoracoscope. Suspicion of ruptured diaphragm due to accident was easily and quickly verified. No complications occurred in our 100 thoracoscopic examinations.

Female↗
PubMed1979

[Therapeutic recommendations in idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax].

The treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax is still controversial. To evaluate pleural drainage with a chest tube the therapeutic results in 73 patients with benign pneumothorax were reviewed. Benign spontaneous pneumothorax treated with a thick chest tube size Charrière 18-22 disappeared within an average of only 6.6 days. On the other hand, the high recurrence rate of 24% after the initial pneumothorax and 37% after the first recurrence is comparable with the results of conservative management in other pneumothorax series in the literature. Small pneumothorax without severe symptoms should therefore be supervised conservatively on an outpatient basis. The more extended forms of pneumothorax should be treated with thick chest tubes. Failure of therapeutic effect, second ipsilateral relapse or the first contralateral pneumothorax are indications for parietal pleurectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of smoking and inhalation of carbon monoxide on systolic time intervals and blood pressure. Differences between two types of cigarettes and a cigar.

The effects of smoking and inhalation of carbon monoxide on the systolic time intervals and blood pressure were examined in ten healthy smokers with a mean age of 24.3 years. Each subject smoked a low-nicotine cigarette with a ventilated filter (0.1 mg nicotine, 1.1 vol percent CO), and a high-nicotine plain cigarette (2.6 mg nicotine, 4.5 vol percent CO), as well as a cigar in random sequence and in a standardized way. Cigar smoke was not inhaled. The product heart rate x blood pressure was increased and the left ventricular ejection time index (LVETc) prolonged following smoking the high-nicotine cigarette, whereas changes after smoking the low-nicotine cigarette and the cigar were not as pronounced. These changes are presumably caused by nicotine-induced catecholamine release. Inhalation of CO did not affect cardiac performance acutely as shown by unchanged systolic time intervals. When a high-nicotine cigarette was smoked after the subject received a beta blocker, a significant prolongation of the pre-ejection period index (PEPc) occurred as a result of the increased afterload. Thus, the effects of catecholamines on parameters of myocardial contractility (PEPc, PEP/LVET) were presumably offset by the increased afterload. We conclude that the acute hemodynamic changes of smoking in healthy subjects depend upon the amount of nicotine absorbed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Lung circulation in emphysema].

Pulmonary emphysema is regularly complicated by pulmonary hypertension which is, however, mostly of minor degree. As long as pulmonary capillary pressure and cardiac output remain within normal limits, the elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery is due to an increase of vascular resistance for which hypoxia is responsible in the first place, while rarefaction of vascular ramifications due to the emphysematic destructive process in the pulmonary parenchyma plays only a secondary role. Breathing of oxygen decreases pulmonary hypertension, an effect which is reinforced by combination of oxygen with IPPB. Phentolamine lowers both vascular resistance and pressure in the pulmonary artery in short-term administration. The effect of hemodilution on pulmonary hypertension in emphysematic patients with hypoxic polycythemia is, however, somewhat disappointing if the hematocrit value remains below 60%. Some rheological causes for this therapeutic failure are discussed.

Bloodletting↗
PubMed1978

[Lung function tests in emphysema].

Several lung function tests are capable of detecting typical functional abnormalities in pulmonary emphysema, such as reduced elastic recoil of lung tissue, elevation of intrathoracic gas volumes, expiratory bronchial collapse or uneven patterns of ventilation. The measurement of elastic recoil by means of an esophageal catheter also seems to be a reliable technique for detecting early stages of emphysema, but its use for routine clinical investigations remains impracticable. The elevation of intrathoracic gas volumes determined by body plethysmography or helium dilution technique may sometimes be influenced by reversible bronchial obstructions or additional restrictive ventilatory defects. Expiratory collapse of the intrathoracic airways, however, proves to be a regular finding in advanced pulmonary emphysema. It results from decreased stability of the peripheral and central bronchial wall as well as from a shifting of bronchial and transmural pressure gradients to the peripheral airways. The occurrence of a pressure dependent expiratory stenosis can easily be demonstrated by the spirometric flow-volume curve during forced expiration, thus differentiating patients with asthma from those with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The minimal program for detection and evaluation of emphysematous alterations of the lung by functional tests should consist in the measurement of intrathoracic gas volumes, recording of the forced expiratory volume and the analysis of the flow-volume curve.

Emphysema↗
PubMed1978

[The problem of airway collapse in lung emphysema. Correlation between intravital lung function measurements and morphometric data].

Lowering of forced expired volume in one second as a percentage of vital capacity (FEV1%VC) and check-valve phenomenon of expiratory flow curve (CVPh) are clinical signs of bronchial collapse. In this study the correlations between these functional parameters and morphologic findings are studied. The study comprises autopsy cases in which lung function had been tested 1.5 years on average before death. In 138 cases emphysema was graded on papermounted macrosections and in 52 cases bronchi were studied by morphometry. 19 of the latter were analysed more thoroughly; 9 had shown CVPh. The results were as follows: 1. Collapse phenomena occur more frequently in cases with destructive emphysema than in cases without. However, it is not exclusive to the former. 2. FEV1 and CVPh correlate with hypertrophy of bronchial glands. 3. Cases with CVPh show hypertrophy, not atrophy, of the walls of central bronchi. It follows that bronchial collapse phenomena are mainly influenced by increased bronchial secretion of viscous mucus and not by emphysematous destruction of lung parenchyma. On forced expiration, mucus plugging probably leads to a decrease of intrabronchial pressure in the downstream bronchi. Thus, the downstream bronchi may collapse because the equal pressure point between intrabronchial and intrathoracic pressure shifts from the central to more peripheral bronchi.

Bronchi↗