Homosexuality: the psychosocial dimension.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to H Hendin.
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This paper explores the relationships among culture, character, and suicide. It draws on the author's research in Scandinavia and his studies of suicide among United States urban blacks and college students. The differences in motivation and significance of suicide in Sweden and Denmark are illustrated. The United States is an amalgam of subcultures which must be studied separately to identify the psychosocial determinants of behavior. The varying rates and motivations of suicide in different cultures and subcultures, the differences between men and women, between young and old, differences in ways of coping with love and loss, life and death make clear that suicide is part of a culture's possibilities. The varying psychodynamic ways in which the suicidal individual in differing cultures and subcultures conceives of, uses and absorbs death also has much to tell us about how we live.
This article discusses the psychodynamic significance of suicide in the young, the family constellations that produce such suicides, the psychosocial forces contributing to the dramatic rise in the suicide rate of young people, and the special problems in the treatment of the severely suicidal young person.
This is a study of the psychology of college students who are seriously suicidal. Fifty college students who had made suicide attempts were studied in detail over a 5-year period. Short term therapy was administered in most cases and long term therapy in some. Psychological tests (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion, Figure Drawing, and Word Association) were performed and used as an independent check on the data derived from the interviews. The study indicates the ways in which death has become a way of life for these students--an integral, ongoing part of their adaptation. It traces the origin of this adaptation in a family relationship that the students perceived as requiring their emotional extinction. These students are tied to their parents in a kind of death knot and have become overly suicidal when live--coming to college, graduating, becoming seriously involved with another person--threatens to unravel this knot.
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To the degree that the adults were aware of their difficulties, they saw marijuana as an escape from them, or as providing relief or enhancing their ability to cope with them. Neither they nor we saw marijuana as the cause of their problems. Rather, it served for most to help maintain them in a troubled adaptation, reenforcing their tendency not to look at, understand, or attempt to master their difficulties. It served to detach them from their problems, and helped them to regard even serious difficulties as unimportant. Marijuana provided a buffer zone of sensation that functioned as a barrier against self-awareness and closeness to others. Marijuana enabled the adolescents to avoid choices and challenges associated with growing up. The adults we studied appeared to have been obliged by time to make choices for which they were not prepared, and with which they were not satisfied. To the extent that their futures had caught up with them, they used marijuana in an attempt to diminish awareness of their limitations and convince themselves their problems were insignificant. If the adolescents used marijuana to detach themselves from troubled relationships with their families and to avoid planning for the future, what we have learned from the adult marijuana users provides a perspective on what these young persons' lives are likely to become.
Research on adolescent marijuana use has given insufficient attention to understanding the functions of marijuana in youngsters' overall adaptation, and particularly in the context of family psychodynamics. This research focused on 17 marijuana-abusing adolescents who were selected according to the "representative case method." Data obtained through unstructured psychodynamic interviews with the youngsters and their families were analyzed to identify the functions which marijuana played for these adolescents. Five key functions related to family psychodynamics-defiance and provocation, self-destructiveness, control of anger, grandiosity, and escape from competitive conflicts-are described. A case illustration is presented to show how these functions are interrelated in the adolescents' adaptation.
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