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Biomedical subjects

H Goodall

Publications and source records attributed to H Goodall.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Immunosuppressive activity in human in vitro fertilization (IVF) culture supernatants and prediction of the outcome of embryo transfer: a multicenter trial.

The supernatants from cultured human oocytes fertilized in vitro contain low molecular weight factors that can suppress or stimulate the proliferative response of lymphocytes in vitro. The inhibitory and stimulatory effects are nonspecific and may be detected using cultured human or murine tumor cell lines. Using such a bioassay, we previously tested fetal cord serum-supplemented culture supernatant and found that an absence of suppression was correlated with an absence of subsequent pregnancy. To test this association further, additional samples were obtained from four different in vitro fertilization (IVF) units and studied blindly without knowledge of the pregnancy outcome. In this series, samples were obtained after the first 12-24 hr of sperm-oocyte incubation and all of the supernatants were from individual embryo cultures. The average number of preembryos transferred to those achieving pregnancy did not differ significantly from the number transferred to those not achieving pregnancy but the level of suppression was greater (8.7 +/- 1.9%) in those becoming pregnant compared to those not achieving pregnancy (0.8 +/- 1.5%). Twenty-two of 61 patients who received at least one embryo with a suppressive supernatant achieved pregnancy, whereas 0 of 19 patients received embryos lacking suppressive supernatants became pregnant. Two patients who received a single embryo from cultures with suppression became pregnant. Several problems with the bioassay method were defined. The culture medium in this series was always supplemented with adult serum, usually from the patient herself, and this serum could be suppressive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blastocyst↗
PubMed1987

Foreword.

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Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Do trophectoderm and inner cell mass cells in the mouse blastocyst maintain discrete lineages?

The extent to which trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) lineages in the mouse blastocyst remain distinct during the period from the commencement of cavitation up until 48 h later in culture was investigated. Fluorescent latex microparticles were used to label exclusively all TE cells in nascent blastocysts and the position of labelled progeny in cultured blastocysts was examined by disaggregation, by serial sectioning and by whole-mount analyses. The results indicate that, in most blastocysts (80-90%), TE and ICM lineages are entirely separate during this period while in the remainder lineage crossing is limited usually to only one or two cells of either tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Endocytic traffic in trophectoderm and polarised blastomeres of the mouse preimplantation embryo.

Endocytosis from apical and basolateral cell membranes of mouse blastocyst trophectoderm was examined morphologically by using unconjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP, fluid phase marker), cationized ferritin (membrane marker, bound ionically), and protein A-HRP conjugate (membrane marker, identifying antigens recognised by antimouse species serum). The markers were applied in single and double labelling procedures designed to reveal the derivation, sorting site, and fate of all the major endocytic pathways. Endocytosis at the apical surface led to the obligate fusion of labelled elements with prelysosomal endosomes prior to the redistribution of membrane into lysosomal, transcellular, or recycling pathways, and to the passage of internalised fluid into lysosomes only. Complementary routes appear to operate following endocytosis at the basolateral domain. Thus, endocytic trafficking within the trophectoderm, regulated by "sorting" mechanisms localised at the endosome compartment, may be responsible for the maintenance of polarised membrane domains. The polarised transcellular pathway involving obligatory endosome fusion is present in cleavage-stage, peripheral 16-cell blastomeres prior to zonular tight junction formation. Nocodazole treatment to depolymerize microtubules in many cases induced a bypass of the endosomal sorting compartment during transcytosis, indicating that microtubules contribute to the spatial organization of endocytic membrane traffic.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Major loss of junctional coupling during mitosis in early mouse embryos.

Junctional coupling was assessed during the transition from the fourth to the fifth cell cycle of mouse embryogenesis by injection of the dye carboxyfluorescein and by measurement of electrical continuity between cells. Junctional coupling, which arises de novo in early 8-cell mouse embryos, subsequently becomes reduced towards the end of the cell cycle as the blastomeres enter into mitosis. Arrest of the cell cycle in metaphase by nocodazole, an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization, reveals that cell coupling becomes undetectable at mitosis. Junctional coupling then is resumed during interphase of the 16-cell stage. Nocodazole itself has no effect on junctional coupling in interphase cells, regardless of the extent of intercellular flattening, whereas taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, does reduce the extent of coupling in interphase cells.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1986

Manipulation of gap junctional communication during compaction of the mouse early embryo.

Three treatments that prevent cell flattening during compaction of the mouse preimplantation embryo were assessed for their effects on the onset of gap junctional communication. Medium low in calcium (LCM) and an antiserum to an embryonal carcinoma cell line (anti-EC; Johnson et al. 1979) both prevented the establishment of coupling between blastomeres of the 8-cell embryo as assessed by transmission of carboxyfluorescein or by ionic coupling. Since neither of these agents prevents the contact-mediated induction of cell polarity that occurs at this stage, it is concluded that the induction of this process is not signalled via gap junctions. A monoclonal antibody (ECCD-1; Yoshida-Noro, Suzuki & Takeichi, 1984), that recognizes more specific components of the calcium-dependent cell adhesion system, failed to prevent the onset of junctional coupling. This suggests that the onset of junctional coupling is not dependent upon extensive cell apposition and that the requirement for extracellular Ca2+ resides at a level other than that of cell adhesion. Moreover, neither LCM nor anti-EC could reverse cell coupling once it had become established despite their complete reversal of cell flattening.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The timing of compaction: control of a major developmental transition in mouse early embryogenesis.

The effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on compaction of the 8-cell mouse embryo has been investigated. The effects observed depended upon the duration and time of drug application and on the features of compaction scored. Continuous application from the late 2-cell or early 4-cell stages allowed cell flattening and surface polarization to occur in most embryos and advanced development of these features in many of them. Cell coupling developed only when drug addition was delayed until the mid 4-cell stage, and cytoplasmic polarization developed only when drug addition was delayed until the late 4-cell stage. We suggest that control over the timing of compaction is achieved at a post-translational level via a global permissive change within the blastomeres of the embryo.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Abnormal high density lipoproteins from patients with liver disease regulate cholesterol metabolism in cultured human skin fibroblasts.

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) of plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) binds to high affinity receptors on many cell types. A minor subclass of high density lipoproteins (HDL), termed HDL1, which contains apoE but lacks apoB, binds to the same receptor. Bound lipoproteins are engulfed, degraded, and regulate intracellular cholesterol metabolism and receptor activity. The HDL of many patients with liver disease is rich in apoE. We tested the hypothesis that such patient HDL would reduce LDL binding and would themselves regulate cellular cholesterol metabolism. Normal HDL had little effect on binding, uptake, and degradation of 125I-labeled LDL by cultured human skin fibroblasts. Patient HDL (d 1.063-1.21 g/ml) inhibited these processes, and in 15 of the 25 samples studied there was more than 50% inhibition at 125I-labeled LDL and HDL protein concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of 125I-labeled LDL bound and the apoE content of the competing HDL (r = -0.54, P less than 0.01). Patient 125I-labeled HDL was also taken up and degraded by the fibroblasts, apparently through the LDL-receptor pathway, stimulated cellular cholesterol esterification, increased cell cholesteryl ester content, and suppressed cholesterol synthesis and receptor activity. We conclude that LDL catabolism by the receptor-mediated pathway may be impaired in liver disease and that patient HDL may deliver cholesterol to cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The nature of intercellular coupling within the preimplantation mouse embryo.

The changing nature of intercellular coupling during the 4- and 8-cell stages of mouse early development has been investigated by iontophoretic injection of carboxyfluorescein, horseradish peroxidase and current into individual blastomeres in either the intact embryo or after their disaggregation and reaggregation into pairs. Coupling junctions that allowed only molecules of low molecular weight (putative gap junctions) were found not to appear until 2-5 h beyond the 3rd cleavage division (8-cell stage). However, intercellular junctions that were not size selective were detected in intact embryos only throughout the 4- and 8-cell stages. It is proposed that this junctional communication results from the persistence of midbodies through all or part of the two, and in a few cases the three, cell cycles following their formation at the first and second cleavage divisions. We conclude that the cells of the early mouse embryo may be linked in a more extensive syncytial network than was hitherto suspected.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Differences in motility of human X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa.

Human Y-bearing spermatozoa, as identified by the quinacrine staining technique, were found to be significantly more motile than X-bearing spermatozoa under laboratory conditions. This difference is consistent with current estimates of the difference in mean head DNA content.

Humans↗