Winning strategies for rehabilitation care.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Economic Competition↗
Biomedical subjects
H Gill
Publications and source records attributed to H Gill.
Historical documents concerning craniopagi and conjoined twins.
The occurrence of congenital malformations had been documented by the Assyrian and Babylonians about 2,800 B.C. Historically, a significant source of information concerning conjoined twins were the so called "fugitive sheets" which following the introduction of printing served to disseminate news. The first sonographs with descriptions of congenital defects in human and animals appeared during the 17th century. Teratology became established during the 19th century as a result of the fundamental discoveries in embryology. Significant impetus was given to teratological research in this century following the discovery of GREGG (1941), from observations of the children born to pregnant women who were exposed to the atomic bombs, as well as the thalidomide catastrophe.
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid↗
Objective assessment of the effect of caffeine on sperm motility and velocity.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Caffeine↗
[The history of congenital malformations with special reference to conjoined twins. 1. From ancient times to the 18th century].
Congenital malformations are mentioned in Assyrian and Babylonian literature, and the opinions of Democritus, Empedocles and Aristotle regarding their origin persisted in modified form until the Middle Ages. Following the invention of printing, illustrations of congenital malformations began to appear on pamphlets. Although not always realistic, these illustrations provide a rich source of information regarding the spirit of those times. The first monographs containing collections and interpretations of malformations appeared in the 16th century. These were followed in the 17th century by increasingly realistic illustrations, and superstitious ideas regarding the causes of malformations, although still predominating, gradually started to recede.
Congenital Abnormalities↗
[The history of congenital malformations with special reference to conjoined twins. 2. The 18th to the 20th centuries].
Thoughts concerning teratology became increasingly scientific in the 18th century, and research into congenital malformations received a considerable impetus through discoveries concerning early embryonic development. The term "teratology" was coined in the 19th century and the introduction of photography enabled truly objective illustrations. Animal experiments were carried out to an increasing extent, the work of Roux and Speman being particularly notable. The great interest in teratological research in the 20th century was stimulated by observation of the effects of viral infection, radioactivity, thalidomide and diosin on embryonal development. This has led to the current major research capacity available to identify the causes of congenital malformation and to prevent them.
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid↗
Total chemical synthesis and antitumor evaluation of the 9-aza analogue of N-(trifluoroacetyl)-4-demethoxydaunomycin.
The 9-aza analogue of N-(trifluoroacetyl)-4-demethoxydaunomycin has been synthesized from 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Pomeranz-Fritsch condensation followed by borohydride reduction and acid-catalyzed cyclization led smoothly to 4-hydroxy-5,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. Selective N-acetylation and subsequent Friedel-Crafts acylation with phthalic anhydride produced 2-acetyl-5,12-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-2-azanaphthacene-6,11-dione, which was protected as its dimethyl ether and epoxidized to an acylated aza Brigl's anhydride. This was converted to (+/-)-2-acetyl-4-hydroxy-5,12-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- azanaphthacene-6,11-dione by dehydration to the 4-keto analogue followed by cyanoborohydride reduction either stepwise or in situ. The protecting groups were removed with boron trichloride and the resulting aglycone glycosidated with optically active N,O-bis(trifluoroacetyl)daunosamine bromide and silver trifluoromethanesulfonate. The resulting diastereoisomers were separated by column chromatography and their structures established by CD and NMR spectroscopy. Unexpectedly it was not possible to remove the N-trifluoroacetyl blocking group without aromatization to the azanaphthaquinone. Both (R)- and (S)-acetyl-4-O-[N-(trifluoroacetyl)daunosaminyl]-5,12-dihydroxy-2- azanaphthacene-6,11-dione were inactive ip in mice carrying the P388 tumor. Drugs were given at various concentrations on days 0, 5, and 9.
Animals↗
Ramp-function work test suitable for automatic computation.
Heart rate (HR) response to step-function and ramp-function (20 W/min) work tests was compared in 12 healthy subjects. For a given power output (P), HR was substantially lower in the ramp tests. The HR difference increased with power output and increasing difference in work time between the test types. The HR difference can be explained in terms of a drift component (which accounts for 1/3 of the difference) and a lag component (2/3). As a consequence of the HR differences, P for a given HR is higher in ramp tests. Work capacity expressed, for example as P170, can be determined in ramp tests, and the result can be translated to step-function P170. The precision in this translation is markedly improved if a steady-state period is incorporated into the ramp test.
Adolescent↗
Complaints of patients presenting for psychotherapy in 1938 versus 1978.
Reported complaints of psychotherapy out-patients in 1938 are compared with those of patients in 1978. Both men and women complain less of bodily malfunctioning and more of anger, guilt, suicidal thoughts, and of sexual difficulties. Unlike men, women show a significant increase in interpersonal problems, sleep difficulties, depression and feelings of inadequacy or inferiority.
Female↗
Trend analysis of jaw jerk action potential-amplitude data.
The amplitude of the jaw jerk action potential (MSP) is a parameter with potential diagnostic value. It has apparently a large and irregular variation which has not yet been subjected to a thorough analysis. It is important to know if samples of MSP contain trends. The occurrence of trends indicates that the average value is influenced in a principally different way by changes in the number of observations per sample than if trends do not occur. If, for instance, there is a positive linear trend in the data, this means that the average value is larger if the number of observations is small. Samples of MSPs therefore were recorded, using surface EMG electrodes in the masseter and the anterior temporal muscles of young and elderly subjects, and subjected to trend analysis. Trends of the 1--4th grade occurred in 51% of the samples. Both positive and negative linear trends were found and had about the same frequency. The trend components were, however, randomly distributed. Comparisons between groups may therefore be made without the claim of trend-free samples. This significantly facilitates the use of the parameter MSP-amplitude, since it is difficult to obtain samples which have a normal and identical distribution.
Action Potentials↗
Standard values of the amplitude of jaw jerk action potential and differences due to age, sex and L-dopa treatment.
The amplitude of the jaw jerk action potential (MSP) is a parameter with possible diagnostic value. Standard values have, however, not yet been established. MSPs were recorded using surface EMG electrodes in the masseter and the anterior temporal muscles of young and elderly healthy males and females. The group means ranged from 0.26 to 2.11 mV in the masseter and from 0.17 to 0.81 mV in the anterior temporalis. The amplitude of MSP was higher in females than in males, decreased in elderly subjects and lower in the temporalis than in the masseter. The jaw jerk action potentials also were recorded in four subjects before and after L-Dopa administration. The amplitude increased by about 90%. It is concluded that the parameter MSP amplitude can be useful in the studies of muscle spindle sensitivity and the influence of various physiological, pathophysiological and pharmacological factors on the nervous regulation and muscle function in the masticatory system.
Action Potentials↗
The reconstruction of childhood in psychoanalysis.
Reconstructions are defined as genetic propositions showing not only what happened to the individual in childhood, but also how he adopted his particular solutions to conflict situations in the past and how he continues to be guided today by that experience of the past. The relative neglect of environmental failures in psychoanalysis is traced to Freud's shift from physical to psychic reality, although the gains from this shift are acknowledged. The discussion of fantasy and historical fact proceeds to an examination of the case for and the case against the use of reconstructions, and the nature of memory in psychoanalysis. A clinical illustration leads to a synthesis of the conflicting views, emphasizing that both the analyst and the patient need to remain in touch with the past, the current life, and the transference relationship. The paper is concluded with the views of modern historians.
Adult↗
Proceedings: Interference by gallamine with stretch reflexes in human arm muscles.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Arm↗
Time-limited marital treatment in a foursome.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Kave: a tool for knowledge acquisition to support artificial ventilation.
A decision support system for artificial ventilation is being developed. One of the fundamental goals for this system is the application of the system when a domain expert is not present. Such a system requires a rich knowledge base. The knowledge acquisition process is often considered to be the bottleneck in acquiring such a complete knowledge base. Since no single available method, for example interviewing domain experts, is sufficient for removing this bottleneck, we have chosen a combination of different methods. The different backgrounds of knowledge engineers and domain experts could cause communication restrictions and difficulties between them, e.g. they might not understand each others knowledge domain and this will affect formulation of the knowledge. To solve this problem we needed a tool which supports both the knowledge engineer and the domain expert already from the initial phase of developing the knowledge base. We have developed a knowledge acquisition system called KAVE to elicit knowledge from domain experts and storing it in the knowledge base. KAVE is based on a domain specific conceptual model which is a result of cooperation between knowledge engineers and domain experts during identification, design and structuring of knowledge for this domain. KAVE includes a patient simulator to help validate knowledge in the knowledge base and a knowledge editor to facilitate refinement and maintenance of the knowledge base.
Artificial Intelligence↗
Statistical models for prediction of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions during mechanical ventilation.
The possibility of constructing statistical models for prediction of alveolar oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions has been investigated in 20 mechanically ventilated patients in acute respiratory failure (ARF). Linear multiple regression analysis using PaCO2 and PaO2 as dependent variables was used to construct (a) models for individual patients, (b) models for specific diagnostic groups and (c) general models (all patients). The coefficient of determination (R2) was highest for the individual patient models (0.38-0.99) and lowest for the general models (0.28-0.49). In order to achieve a high predictive accuracy, models matching individual patients should be constructed on the basis of initial invasive blood gas measurement. Statistically derived models may bring better understanding of the behaviour of factors influencing arterial gas tensions in ARF and may be of value in the management of patients on mechanical ventilation.
Adult↗