Biomedical subjects

H Götz

Publications and source records attributed to H Götz.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the Netherlands suggests selective screening approaches. Results from the PILOT CT Population Study.

Chlamydia trachomatis screening is being considered in the Netherlands, but policy recommendations are hampered by the lack of population-based data. We studied the prevalence of chlamydia infection in 15-29-year-old women and men in a national representative sample of 21,000 inhabitants of rural and urban areas in the Netherlands. Of this sample, 41% responded by sending in urine and an answered questionnaire, while 11% returned a refusal card. The overall prevalence of chlamydia infection was 2.0% (CI: 1.7-2.3); 2.5% (CI: 2.0-3.0) in women and 1.5% (1.1-1.8) in men. Chlamydia prevalence was significantly greater in very highly urbanized areas (3.2%, CI: 2.4-4.0) compared to rural areas (0.6%, CI: 0.1-1.1). In very highly urbanized areas the greatest prevalence was found among 15-19-year-old women (4.3%) and among 25-29-year-old men (4.2%). A risk profile could be determined and a prediction rule was developed. These data suggest that nationwide systematic screening is not indicated in the Netherlands and that targeted approaches are a better option. Roll-out of selective screening is recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

An outbreak of hepatitis A among homeless drug users in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

From the end of January to mid-June 2004 (weeks 5-24) a hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreak occurred among a homeless and drug user community in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. To prevent further spread of the virus within this group and to the general population, the Municipal Health Service of Rotterdam organized a mass vaccination campaign during which 83% (1,515/1,800) of the homeless people were vaccinated. As part of a national HAV typing study, blood and/or fecal samples of 30 Rotterdam HAV IgM+ patients who fell ill during the period of 1 September 2003-1 December 2004 were tested. The tests included RT-PCR and sequencing at the VP3-VP1 and VP1-P2a regions of the HAV genome. It was found that 12 homeless people, one family member of a homeless person and two people without a known risk were infected with a unique subtype 3a strain. Four of the homeless patients became ill after vaccination and were probably infected at the time. This study shows that Dutch homeless people and drug users involved in HAV outbreaks should be offered HAV vaccine actively to prevent further spread of the infection. Furthermore, it was shown by molecular techniques that the unique subtype 3a strain was not found before the Rotterdam outbreak or afterwards, indicating that the mass vaccination campaign was successful.

Disease Outbreaks↗

PubMed2003

Efficacy of NaOCl/H2O2 irrigation and GaAlAs laser in decontamination of root canals in vitro.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the bactericidal effect of an 809 nm semiconductor laser alone, and in combination with NaOCl/H(2)O(2) irrigation in root canals in vitro. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 72 human single-rooted teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were included. The crowns were removed, the roots shortened to a length of 12 mm, and the canals enlarged up to an apical size of #50 file. The specimens were autoclaved and incubated with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Laser irradiation was performed on a PC-controlled XY translation stage. A 200 micron optic fiber was used. Twelve specimens were irradiated at a power output of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 W in the cw-mode. The total irradiation time was 60 seconds per canal. Twelve specimens were rinsed with NaOCl and H(2)O(2) only, 12 were rinsed and laser treated, and 12 served as untreated controls. After laser treatment, the specimens were sonicated and the bacterial growth was examined by counting colony forming units on blood agar plates. Temperature changes at the outer root surface during irradiation were registered by means of thermocouples. Treated and control specimens were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Mean bacterial reductions of 0.35 log steps at a power output of 1.5 W, 1.44 at 3.0 W, and 2.84 at 4.5 W were calculated. Bacterial reduction by the NaOCl/H(2)O(2) solution alone was 1.48 and comparable to that achieved by irradiation at 3.0 W. With a log kill 2.85, the combination of rinsing and laser irradiation at 3.0 W resulted in a further significant bacterial reduction as compared to rinsing alone (P = 0.004). Irradiation did not result in excessive heat generation at the root surface. Carbonization of the root canal wall was observed in single teeth at 3.0 and 4.5 W and no controlled sealing of the dentinal tubules could be achieved in the root canal. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the diode laser might be an adjunct to conventional endodontic treatment when used in combination with a NaOCl/H(2)O(2) solution.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMed2002

Effect of diode laser irradiation on root surfaces in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate possible morphological alterations of root surfaces after GaAlAs-diode laser (809 nm) irradiation under standardized in vitro conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Root specimens obtained from extracted periodontally diseased teeth were scaled and root planed with curettes followed by air-powder abrasive treatment prior to lasing. The variable parameters were power output (0.5-2.5 W) and exposure time (10-30 sec per specimen). Additionally, the effect of a saline solution and a human blood film on the root surface was investigated. The root segments were analyzed by means of a reflected light microscope. Photographs before and after irradiation were taken and evaluated. The scale of carbonization was quantified using a grid laid over the photographs. Specimens with distinct morphological changes were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Lasing dry specimens and specimens moistened with saline resulted in no detectable alterations, irrespective of irradiation time and power output applied. Depending on different settings, irradiation caused severe damages to the root surface when segments were covered by a thin blood film. Irradiation at a power output of 1 Watt and below had barely any negative effect on the root surface, whereas lasing at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 Watt resulted in partial or total carbonizations of the root samples. The angle of irradiation had a significant effect on the scale of the root surface damage (Mann-Whitney U test,p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The diode laser may cause damage to periodontal hard tissues if irradiation parameters are not adequate.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Golgi retention of human protein NEFA is mediated by its N-terminal Leu/Ile-rich region.

The subcellular localization of the human Ca(2+)-binding EF-hand/leucine zipper protein NEFA was studied in HeLa cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. Double immunostaining using mouse anti-NEFA monoclonal antibody 1H8D12 and rabbit anti-ERD2 polyclonal antibody proved that NEFA is localized in the Golgi apparatus. The result was confirmed by the expression of NEFA-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein in the Golgi in the same cell line. Cycloheximide treatment proved NEFA to be a Golgi-resident protein. Seven NEFA deletion mutants were constructed to ascertain the peptide region relevant for Golgi retention. The expression of each NEFA-GFP variant was detected by fluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. Only the DeltaN mutant, lacking the N-terminal Leu/Ile-rich region, failed to be retained in the Golgi after cycloheximide treatment. The other six deletion mutants in which either the basic region, the complete EF-hand pair domain, the two EF-hand motifs separately, the leucine zipper and the leucine zipper plus the C-terminal region is deleted, were localized to the Golgi. The peptide sequence within the Leu/Ile-rich region is discussed as a novel Golgi retention motif.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed2001

Clinical spectrum and transmission characteristics of infection with Norwalk-like virus: findings from a large community outbreak in Sweden.

A large foodborne outbreak caused by Norwalk-like virus (NLV) among children and staff at 30 day care centers provided an opportunity to study symptomatology and attack rates among patients in different age groups, as well as secondary transmission rates in centers and households. A retrospective cohort study of 775 subjects from 13 randomly chosen centers was performed. Diarrhea was more common in adults than in children (P=.001), whereas the reverse was noted with regard to vomiting (P=.003). The primary attack rate was 27% (142 of 524 subjects): 54% of adults versus 19% of children (P<.001). The mean incubation time for foodborne cases of infection was 34 hours. The secondary attack rate was 17%. Risk factors for spread into households were the primary case being a child (relative risk [RR], 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-7.6) and vomiting (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0-5.5). The incubation time for person-to-person transmission was approximated by a mean serial interval of 52 hours. This is the first reported outbreak of NLV infection in which secondary transmission into households by individuals has been studied.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Gadolinium as an opener of the outwardly rectifying Cl(-) channel (ORCC). Is there relevance for cystic fibrosis therapy?

There is indirect evidence that the plasmalemma-integrated eukaryotic porin (the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel, VDAC) functions as the outwardly rectifying chloride channel (ORCC). The channel, which is believed to play a role in cell volume regulation, appears to be relevant for cystic fibrosis (CF) therapy, in that it may function as an alternative Cl(-) channel. In the present study we showed first that Gd(3+) altered the voltage dependence of human type-1 porin incorporated into artificial planar lipid bilayers. Next, using a light-scattering approach on transformed normal or CF human B-lymphocytes in hypotonic Ringer solution, we found slightly differing regulatory volume decrease (RVD) curves for the cell lines under study. Addition of 15-60 microM GdCl3 in hypotonic Ringer increased light scattering, pointing to cell swelling beyond normal values. RVD was not observed in those experiments. A corresponding effect was seen in isotonic Ringer containing GdCl3. In either osmotic situation Gd(3+)-induced cell swelling was abolished by monoclonal mouse anti-human type-1 porin antibodies. Agonist and antibody effects were dose dependent. Finally, videocamera-monitored control experiments with adherent HeLa cells verified the direct effect of the agonist on cell swelling in hypo- or isotonic situations and its prevention by the antibodies. We conclude that GdCl3 opens plasmalemma-integrated porin channels, allowing ions to following their gradients, resulting in cell swelling. Since respiratory epithelium expresses porin channels in the apical membrane, the use of gadolinium to activate ORCC may represent a new therapeutic approach in CF.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗

PubMed2001

The immunoglobulin-like genetic predetermination of the brain: the protocadherins, blueprint of the neuronal network.

The morphogenesis of the brain is governed by synaptogenesis. Synaptogenesis in turn is determined by cell adhesion molecules, which bridge the synaptic cleft and, by homophilic contact, decide which neurons are connected and which are not. Because of their enormous diversification in specificities, protocadherins (pcdh alpha, pcdh beta, pcdh gamma), a new class of cadherins, play a decisive role. Surprisingly, the genetic control of the protocadherins is very similar to that of the immunoglobulins. There are three sets of variable (V) genes followed by a corresponding constant (C) gene. Applying the rules of the immunoglobulin genes to the protocadherin genes leads, despite of this similarity, to quite different results in the central nervous system. The lymphocyte expresses one single receptor molecule specifically directed against an outside stimulus. In contrast, there are three specific recognition sites in each neuron, each expressing a different protocadherin. In this way, 4,950 different neurons arising from one stem cell form a neuronal network, in which homophilic contacts can be formed in 52 layers, permitting an enormous number of different connections and restraints between neurons. This network is one module of the central computer of the brain. Since the V-genes are generated during evolution and V-gene translocation during embryogenesis, outside stimuli have no influence on this network. The network is an inborn property of the protocadherin genes. Every circuit produced, as well as learning and memory, has to be based on this genetically predetermined network. This network is so universal that it can cope with everything, even the unexpected. In this respect the neuronal network resembles the recognition sites of the immunoglobulins.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Studies on human porin XXI: gadolinium opens Up cell membrane standing porin channels making way for the osmolytes chloride or taurine-A putative approach to activate the alternate chloride channel in cystic fibrosis.

We recently proposed that cell-membrane-integrated vertebrate porin/voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) forms part of the outwardly rectifying chloride channel (ORCC) complex that may be involved in volume regulation. The results we present here support this thesis. According to light scattering measurements micromolar concentrations of Gd(3+) induce cell swelling of human healthy and cystic fibrosis (CF) B-lymphocyte cell lines in isotonic Ringer solution. In high-potassium Ringer solution additional swelling is observed. Gd(3+) induces excessive cell swelling of cell lines in hypotonic Ringer solutions, containing 70 mM NaCl or 135 mM taurine, respectively. The gadolinium effect is lost when NaCl is replaced by Na-gluconate. Using video camera monitoring we show that HeLa cells also swell in micromolar concentrations of Gd(3+) in isotonic taurine Ringer solution. The dose-dependent effect of the agonist was always blocked by extracellular application of anti-human type-1 porin antibodies. Together with data on a decreasing effect of micromolar amounts of gadolinium on the voltage dependence of reconstituted human porin the results prove the involvement of porin channels in the swelling behavior in different cell lines. As a mechanism we propose that ionic gadolinium opens up plasmalemma-integrated porin channels, chloride or taurine then following their concentration gradients into the cells. Furthermore, our data argue for a single pathway for inorganic and organic osmolytes during regulatory volume decrease after cell swelling. There is indirect evidence that porin forms part of the cystic fibrosis relevant ORCC channel. Gadolinium thus may work to open the alternate chloride channel in CF.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2000

Studies on human porin XXII: cell membrane integrated human porin channels are involved in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) of HeLa cells.

Cell volume regulation receives increasing attention not only as the basis of regulatory volume increase or regulatory volume decrease (RVD) of cells in surroundings of changing osmolarity, but also appears to be relevant in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. A central event in RVD is the opening of a volume-sensitive chloride/anion channel(s), and blocking this pathway would abolish RVD. This is shown here with monoclonal mouse anti-human type-1 porin antibodies, proving that porin is involved in this process. HeLa cells preincubated with these antibodies dramatically increase their volume within about 1 min after a hypotonic stimulus by 70 mM NaCl Ringer solution, but do not move back toward their starting volume, thus indicating abolished RVD. Corresponding effects are induced by the established anion channel inhibitor DIDS. Video camera monitoring of cell size over time was used as a direct and noninvasive approach. We had already accumulated evidence that plasmalemma integrated eukaryotic porin channels form chloride/anion channels in this cell compartment and that they are involved in cell volume regulation. Finally, the present data again demonstrate the suitability of our anti-porin antibodies in physiological studies.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗

PubMed2000

[Determining the size of the specific surface of bone substitutes with gas adsorption].

The surface area and the microporosity of bone regeneration materials influence their chemical and biological properties. Therefore, the size of the specific surface area and the distribution of the pore diameters (pores < 1 micron) of bone regeneration materials were analyzed within this study. The analyzed hydroxyapatites were of synthetic, bovine, and phytotroph origin. The tricalcium phosphates and the bioglasses included only synthetic materials. The gas adsorption of each specimen was analyzed using a volumetric N2/Kr system (ASAP 2010, Micromeritics). Additionally, for materials with a specific surface area (> 2 m2/g) the pore size distribution was evaluated by the BJH-method. Two of the materials evaluated astonishingly large dimensions of the specific surface area (BioOss 79.7 m2/g, Algipore new 14.6 m2/g). A medium surface area was found for Algipore old (4.9 m2/g) and Interpore200 (2.64 m2/g). All other included materials showed only small sizes of the specific surface area (Ceros80 1.8 m2/g, Ceros82 1.31 m2/g, Cerasorb 1.2 m2/g, Biobase 0.7 m2/g, Endobone 0.7 m2/g, Perioglas 0.6 m2/g, Allotropat50 0.23 m2/g, Biogran 0.2 m2/g). The materials with large and medium sizes of the specific surface area evaluated the following pore diameters: BioOss 2-50 nm, Algipore new 2-100 nm, Algipore old 5-50 nm, Interpore200 2-100 nm. Pore sizes less than 2 nm were not found in relevant numbers. The materials BioOss, old and new Algipore, and Interpore200 contain a large interconnecting mesopore system (diameter < 1 micron). For the materials Biobase, Endobone, Perioglas, Allotropat 50, and Biogran this cannot be assumed. The materials Ceros80, Ceros82, and Cerasorb evaluated a specific surface area between those and might include only a small part of these interconnecting pores. An influence of the interconnecting porosity and the different sizes of the specific surface areas on the biological behavior of the bone regeneration materials can be suggested.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2000

Effects of tooth-whitening gels on enamel and dentin ultrastructure--a confocal laser scanning microscopy pilot study.

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in reflection mode provides a useful means for nondestructive microscopic examination of the ultrastructural characteristics of hard tissues, including enamel and dentin. In this study, CLSM was used to examine the effects of in vitro bleaching on enamel and dentin. The crowns of extracted human third molars were sectioned below the occlusal fissure, revealing subsurface dentin and the outer surface ring of enamel. Specimens were polished with 1,200-grit alumina followed by fine polish lapidary film, and cut into four equal sections per tooth, allowing each tooth to serve as internal control. Sections were mounted in acrylate for handling and were bleached for 0, 15, and 30 hours in 0.25 g of commercial Opalescence whitening gel (10% carbamide peroxide), the 5.3% hydrogen peroxide gel used in Crest Whitestrips, or 5% HClO4 solution. Blank glycerin served as a control treatment. In vitro whitening was confirmed by colorimeter readings of delta b and delta L with a PR 650 spectrophotometer/colorimeter. Treated teeth were examined with CLSM comparing enamel surface, dentoenamel junction (DEJ), and dentin at approximately 5 microns subsurface to the polished surfaces under an oil immersion objective. A single sample from each treatment (30-hour whitening) was also examined by environmental variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM). Internal comparison of glycerin (no whitening) controls (0-, 15-, and 30-hour exposures) revealed reproducible ultrastructure, facilitating treatment comparisons. Whitened teeth revealed no significant micromorphological changes associated with the whitening process in subsurface enamel, DEJ, and dentin areas. The direct treatment of cross sections permitted simple access of all areas to whitening gel, thereby eliminating the possibility of diffusion limitation of the gel in producing artifacts. VP-SEM observations similarly showed no significant changes in the surfaces after treatment.

Carbamide Peroxide↗

PubMed1999

Heterologous overexpression of human NEFA and studies on the two EF-hand calcium-binding sites.

Human NEFA is an EF-hand, leucine zipper protein containing a signal sequence. To confirm the calcium binding capacity of NEFA, recombinant NEFA analogous to the mature protein and mutants with deletions in the EF-hand domain were expressed in Pichia pastoris and secreted into the culture medium at high yield. The calcium binding activity of each purified protein was measured by a modified equilibrium dialysis using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator FURA-2 and atomic absorption spectroscopy. A stoichiometry of 2 mol Ca2+/mol NEFA was determined. The Ca2+ binding constants were resolved by intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence titration exhibited two classes of Ca2+ binding sites with Kd values of 0.08 microM and 0.2 microM. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed an increase from 30 to 43% in the amount of alpha-helix in NEFA after addition of calcium ions. Limited proteolytic digestion indicated a Ca2+ dependent conformational change accompanied by an altered accessibility to the enzyme.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1999

Monosomy 6 in human cultured fibroblast-like cells permanently stimulated by fibroblast growth factor 1: evidence for selection.

The appearance of cells with monosomy 6 (mono6 cells) in cultures of human fibroblast-like cells during long-term stimulation with acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) was confirmed in five of the six lines newly investigated. Aneugenic pretreatment at the start of the cultures accelerated the emergence of mono6 cells, as would be expected if selection, rather than induction, is the main mechanism involved. This could be confirmed by using an incidental rearrangement, der(8)t(6p;8p), that emerged in one of the lines by monitoring the proliferation of the mono6 cells (here monosomic for 6p22.1-->qter) in mixtures with normal cells. During growth in the presence of FGF1, the proportion of mono6 cells increased six fold, whereas in the absence of FGF1, it declined to background levels. Selection rather than induction of the mono6 cells is further supported by their clonal origin, as ascertained on the basis of X-inactivation patterns in three informative cases. In addition, colonies grown in the presence of FGF1 from single cells did not reveal higher proportions of mono6 cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis than those grown without the growth factor. During permanent stimulation with FGF1, the growth of mono6 cells did not become dependent on FGF1, nor did these cells lose their responsiveness to FGF1. Although evidence in favor of selection of preexistent mono6 cells by FGF1 is provided in this study, the contribution of a primary inducing mechanism cannot be entirely excluded.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Mitochondria-derived and extra-mitochondrial human type-1 porin are identical as revealed by amino acid sequencing and electrophysiological characterisation.

In mammalian cells porin channels are localised in both mitochondrial outer membranes and extra-mitochondrial membranes. We isolated mitochondria-derived porin of a human lymphoblastoid B cell line, determined its amino acid sequence and characterised its channel properties. Interestingly, the amino acid sequence of this porin preparation and, correspondingly, its electrophysiological characteristics in a reconstituted system were identical to those of 'Porin 31HL', the human type-1 porin purified from a crude membrane preparation of the same cell line using a different purification protocol. The results raise questions about targeting, insertion and orientation of human type-1 porin in different membranes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Interfacial micromorphology and tensile bond strength of dentin bonding systems after NaOCl treatment.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that NaOCl treatment of acid-etched dentin would not lower the tensile bond strength of adhesive resins, but would eliminate the hybrid layer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty teeth and three different bonding agents were used for SEM- and CLSM-visualization of the dentin-composite interface and for bond strength measurements. After etching with phosphoric acid, 75 dentin samples were pretreated with 10% NaOCl. The other 75 samples were etched only with phosphoric acid and were kept as controls. Composite was bonded to the pretreated surfaces with a bonding resin. RESULTS: NaOCl-treated samples: hybrid layers were not visible, but resin tags and resin penetration through lateral branches of tubules were prominent. Layers of unfilled resin were not apparent for Gluma CPS and Prime & Bond 2.1. Hypochlorite treatment of acid-etched dentin resulted in reduced bond strengths for specimens bonded with Syntac and Gluma CPS, but such treatment increased bond strength for Prime & Bond 2.1 bonded specimens. CONCLUSION: The removal of the collagen layer with NaOCl can enhance or decrease bond strengths, depending on the bonding agent used.

Composite Resins↗

PubMed1998

Histotomography of the odontoblast processes at the dentine-enamel junction of permanent healthy human teeth in the confocal laser scanning microscope.

The translucency of teeth allows the non-destructive subsurface visualisation of their microstructure by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at a level of about 150 microns below the surface. The dentine-enamel junction (DEJ) is accessible only directly adjacent to the cervix of the tooth. Therefore teeth have to be sectioned for studying marginal areas of the dental hard tissue. The potential of the technique for (pseudo) three-dimensional visualisation allows the study of an array of individual confocal images, the interpretation of which is similar to that of macroscopic tomographs (CT-scan, MRI). Additionally, the extended focus mode yields the overlay of individual confocal images in the form of a two-dimensional projection. This mode of operation proved to be particularly suited for the visualisation of odontoblast processes in their whole extension. The three-dimensional junction between enamel and dentine, the branches of the odontoblast processes and their interactions with the DEJ is demonstrable by CLSM without staining or other procedures of sample preparation. The direct microscopic comparison between samples, either fresh or kept in a humid chamber, and Technovit-embedded sample blocks gives evidence that the risk of artefacts by sample storage or by the embedding procedure is minimal. The tomographs limited to subsurface areas of the tissue also exclude mechanical surface artefacts due to grinding or cutting.

Dental Enamel↗

PubMed1998

Lentil lectin enriched microsomes from the plasma membrane of the human B-lymphocyte cell line H2LCL carry a heavy load of type-1 porin.

Using an established biochemical approach, five subcellular fractions of human B lymphocytes were prepared by differential centrifugation. Crude membranes were passed over a lentil lectin column to enrich carbohydrate-coated cell surface microsomes. The lectin-bound fraction contained a high amount of plasma membrane-derived microsomes as indicated by cell surface markers. All subcellular fractions in Western blots proved to contain distinct but variable amounts of porin. There was a strong increase in porin content from crude membranes to plasma membrane-derived vesicles. The porin content of this fraction appeared to be higher than that of mitochondria. In the final step the plasma membrane-derived microsome fraction proved to be devoid of contamination by outer mitochondrial membranes, as revealed by antibodies against the established markers MAO B and Tom20 applied in Western blots. These data prove the extramitochondrial expression of human type-1 porin/ type-1 VDAC.

B-Lymphocytes↗