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Biomedical subjects

H G Pope

Publications and source records attributed to H G Pope.

206 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Compulsive weight lifting and anabolic drug abuse among women rape victims.

In the course of a study of 75 female weight lifters, we encountered 10 (13%) who reported that they were raped as teenagers or adults. Nine of these women began or greatly increased their weight lifting activities after the assault to be better able to defend themselves against men. Seven began abusing anabolic steroids and/or clenbuterol to gain muscle mass. Compulsive weight lifting and anabolic substance abuse may represent another form of response to the trauma of sexual assault.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder.

In the course of several ongoing studies, the authors have encountered men and women who display a form of body dysmorphic disorder in which they become pathologically preoccupied with their degree of muscularity. This condition, which the authors have tentatively termed "muscle dysmorphia," may cause severe subjective distress, impaired social and occupational functioning, and abuse of anabolic steroids and other substances. Epidemiologic data suggest that muscle dysmorphia, though rarely recognized, may afflict substantial numbers of Americans. The authors summarize the features of muscle dysmorphia, present several case examples, and offer proposed diagnostic criteria that may be useful for subsequent research.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body image and psychopathology in male bodybuilders.

BACKGROUND: To compare male bodybuilders to men with eating disorders and control men regarding body image, psychopathology and sexual history. METHOD: We compared 28 male bodybuilders, 30 men with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia or binge eating disorder defined by DSM-IV), and 30 controls, using a battery of questionnaires covering weight history, eating behavior, body image, lifetime history of psychiatric disorders, and sexuality. Eating-disordered and control men were recruited from a college student population and studied during the course of an earlier investigation. RESULTS: Bodybuilders exhibited a pattern of eating and exercising as obsessive as that of subjects with eating disorders, but with a 'reverse' focus of gaining muscle as opposed to losing fat. Bodybuilders displayed rates of psychiatric disorders intermediate between men with eating disorders and control men. In measures of body image, the bodybuilders closely resembled the men with eating disorders, but significantly differed from the control men, with the former two groups consistently displaying greater dissatisfaction than the latter. Sexual functioning did not distinguish the three groups except for the item 'lack of sexual desire' which was reported significantly more often by both bodybuilders and men with eating disorders. CONCLUSION: On measures of body image and eating behavior, bodybuilders share many features of individuals with eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Over-the-counter drug use in gymnasiums: an underrecognized substance abuse problem?

OBJECTIVE: Many individuals, attempting to gain muscle or lose fat, use 'dietary supplements'. Though widely available over the counter or by mail order in America and Europe, some of these 'supplements' are actually potent drugs such as androstenedione and ephedrine. We sought to estimate the prevalence of these forms of drug use in American gymnasiums. METHODS: We distributed anonymous questionnaires to 511 clients entering five gymnasiums, asking about use of both supplements and anabolic steroids. RESULTS: Among men, 18% reported use of androstenedione and/or other adrenal hormones, 25% reported ephedrine use, and 5% reported anabolic steroid use within the last 3 years; among women these rates were 3, 13 and 0%. Extrapolating from these figures to the United States as a whole, we estimated that possibly 1.5 million American gymnasium clients have used adrenal hormones and 2.8 million have used ephedrine within the last 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Millions of men and women are currently using potent drugs, widely sold over the counter as 'supplements', despite their known adverse effects, unknown long-term risks, and possible potential for causing abuse or dependence.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The growing commercial value of the male body: a longitudinal survey of advertising in women's magazines.

BACKGROUND: With the advances of feminism, men have gradually relinquished their once-exclusive 'masculine' roles as fighters and breadwinners. In response to this change, the male body may have gained in relative importance as one of the few surviving marks of masculinity. We hypothesized that these trends might be quantified by using a commercial measure such as advertising. METHODS: We examined the proportion of exposed male and female bodies portrayed in advertisements between 1958 and 1998 in two leading American women's magazines. RESULTS: In both magazines, the proportion of undressed women in the advertisements has changed little over the last 40 years, whereas the proportion of undressed men has increased dramatically, especially since the early 1980s. CONCLUSIONS: Trends in commercial advertising offer tentative support for the hypothesis that the male body is increasing in importance as a mark of masculinity--at least as judged from the actions of advertisers seeking to influence women's attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of insight in psychotic and affective disorders: a review of empirical studies.

In patients with psychotic or affective disorders, lack of insight is often a vexing clinical problem. However, it has infrequently been subjected to formal study. We have reviewed clinical psychiatric studies on insight in psychotic and affective disorders, selecting those that evaluated insight for each patient and presented the data in some quantitative fashion. Almost all studies focused on schizophrenia, with little research present on affective disorders. Definitions of insight varied among studies, as did diagnostic methods and other measures. Despite these limitations, several conclusions emerged. First, insight is not a unitary entity but has several dimensions, such as insight into symptoms and insight into need for treatment. Second, although insight may be poorer in patients with more-severe psychopathology, it does not always improve when psychopathological symptoms do. Third, insight is associated with medication compliance, prognosis, voluntary versus involuntary admission, and cultural concepts of disease. Fourth, insight into illness, need for treatment, or delusions may respond to cognitive and psychoeducational methods of treatment. To augment these findings, we suggest further avenues of research on insight.

Culture↗