Biomedical subjects

H Fukuzaki

Publications and source records attributed to H Fukuzaki.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

In vivo characteristics of low molecular weight copoly (D,L-lactic acid) formulations with controlled release of LH-RH agonist.

Amorphous and crystalline copolymers with a relatively low molecular weight of 1800 were synthesized by direct copolycondensation of D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid in the absence of a catalyst, to evaluate their in vivo capabilities as biodegradable carriers for drug delivery systems. A luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, des-Gly10-(D-Leu6)-LH-RH ethylamide, was incorporated in a fine cylindrical copolymer formulation, under melt-pressing technique, a mild heat-pressure condition. This formulation was implanted subcutaneously in the back of male rats. The rate of in vivo degradation of amorphous copolymer was much faster than that of crystalline copolymer. Contrary to this tendency, the in vivo release of the drug from this amorphous formulation was held constant over a longer period, compared with the crystalline formulation. This can be closely related to the difference in dispersion of the drug in the formulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Constriction of a large coronary artery contributes to serotonin-induced myocardial ischemia in the dog with pliable coronary stenosis.

To clarify the role of serotonin in eliciting myocardial ischemia, the effects of serotonin on coronary vasculature and cardiac performance were examined in anesthetized open chest dogs. Without coronary stenosis, intracoronary infusion of serotonin (0.001 to 1.0 micrograms/kg per min) for 40 s caused dose-dependent increases in coronary blood flow up to 175 +/- 8.3%. During fixed coronary stenosis produced by a metal constrictor that restricted active vasomotion of the stenosed segment, only the highest dose of serotonin increased coronary blood flow by 23 +/- 5.7% and decreased distal coronary pressure without any changes in stenosis resistance and systemic hemodynamic variables. During dynamic coronary stenosis created by inflation of an intraluminal microballoon that preserved active vasomotion of the stenosed segment, intracoronary serotonin (0.1 and 1.0 micrograms/kg per min) evoked marked decreases in coronary blood flow and distal coronary pressure and an increase in stenosis resistance, resulting in an elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and worsening of left ventricular dP/dt. These deleterious effects were reversed by additive intracoronary infusion of nitroglycerin (10 micrograms/min). The detrimental effects of serotonin were not attenuated by pretreatment with aspirin (10 mg/kg, intravenously), which suppressed adenosine disphosphate- and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Furthermore, intracoronary infusion of serotonin (0.1 and 1.0 micrograms/kg per min) from the site distal to coronary stenosis failed to decrease coronary blood flow during dynamic coronary stenosis. Therefore, these detrimental effects of serotonin during dynamic coronary stenosis could be caused by constriction of a large coronary artery but not by platelet aggregation. Vascular effects of serotonin without coronary stenosis and with dynamic coronary stenosis were inhibited by pretreatment with methysergide (0.3 mg/kg, intravenously), but not with ketanserin (0.5 mg/kg, intravenously) which inhibited serotonin-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Thus, serotonin produced opposing effects on coronary vasculature, that is, small coronary artery dilation and large coronary artery constriction. Both vascular effects were mediated by non-S2-serotonergic receptor activation of the coronary artery. The data obtained in this study suggest that serotonin-elicited constriction of a large coronary artery may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia during pliable coronary stenosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Effect of chloride on blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity in deoxycorticosterone acetate-treated rats.

The effect of selective chloride loading on blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity was studied in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-treated rats. The rats fed a normal sodium-high chloride and fed a high sodium chloride diet had higher blood pressure and lower cardiac norepinephrine concentrations than those fed a normal sodium chloride diet. Furthermore, cardiac norepinephrine concentrations were significantly correlated with systolic blood pressure. These data suggest that selective chloride loading can raise blood pressure in DOCA-treated rats due to augmented sympathetic nervous system activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Acute effects of exposure to cold on blood pressure, platelet function and sympathetic nervous activity in humans.

To clarify the mechanism for cold-related thrombosis, we evaluated responses of blood pressure, platelet function, and sympathetic nervous activity after cold exposure in ten healthy male volunteers (33 +/- 2 years old). Mean blood pressure, beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, and plasma noradrenaline were increased after cold exposure associated with significant falls in skin, oral, and urine temperature. The increase in plasma noradrenaline significantly correlated with the change in platelet aggregation (3 microM ADP: r = 0.73, P less than .02, 3.0 micrograms/mL epinephrine: r = 0.65, P less than .05), and with mean blood pressure in the warn environment (r = 0.76, P less than .02). These results suggest that the cold-related increase in sympathetic nervous activity may contribute to enhancement of platelet function. This provides a possible explanation for the risk of thrombosis in cold weather in essential hypertension.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effect of oral calcium on blood pressure response in salt-loaded borderline hypertensive patients.

To clarify the mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of oral calcium loading, we studied the effect of low versus high calcium intake on salt-induced blood pressure elevations in patients with borderline hypertension. After a 7-day period of dietary salt restriction (50 meq/day), 27 patients were placed on a high salt (300 meq/day), low calcium (250 mg/day) diet for 7 days; 14 of these patients were given 2,160 mg/day of supplementary calcium (Ca group), and 13 patients were given placebo (non-Ca group). With a high salt intake, the percent increase in mean blood pressure was smaller in the Ca group than in the non-Ca group (+2.85 +/- 1.22% vs. +8.63 +/- 1.66%, respectively, p less than 0.01). The Ca group showed a smaller weight gain (p less than 0.05) and a greater urinary excretion of sodium (p less than 0.005) than the non-Ca group. In the Ca group, but not in the non-Ca group, high salt intake resulted in an increase in intraerythrocyte magnesium content (p less than 0.01), which was correlated inversely with the salt-induced changes in mean blood pressure (r = -0.54, p less than 0.05). While the increase in cellular magnesium was greater in the Ca group, the changes in red blood cell sodium and sodium/potassium ratio were not different between the two groups. The results suggest that oral calcium supplementation may prevent a rise in blood pressure in patients on a high salt, low calcium diet by attenuating the sodium retention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1989

Oral magnesium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension.

To elucidate the effects of magnesium on high blood pressure, a 4-week study of oral magnesium supplementation (MgO 1 g/day) was conducted in 21 outpatients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. During the study, blood pressure and intraerythrocyte sodium concentration decreased significantly, and the erythrocyte ouabain-sensitive 22Na efflux rate constant (Kos) and intraerythrocyte magnesium concentration both increased. Serum triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations were reduced. Furthermore, the elevation in Kos significantly and positively correlated with both the increase in intraerythrocyte magnesium concentration and the decrease in mean blood pressure. There was a significant inverse correlation between the prestudy Kos and the decrease in mean blood pressure. In addition, when patients were divided according to their overall decrease in mean blood pressure, the prestudy intraerythrocyte sodium concentration was significantly higher in patients with a mean blood pressure decrease of more than 7 mm Hg than that of patients whose mean blood pressure decrease was less than 7 mm Hg. These results suggest that oral magnesium supplementation may lower blood pressure through the activation of a cell membrane sodium pump and may reduce serum lipid concentration. It also suggests that the lower the prestudy Kos or the higher the prestudy intraerythrocyte sodium concentration, the more effective the oral magnesium treatment is in lowering blood pressure. Therefore, we concluded that appropriate oral magnesium intake might be effective as a nonpharmacological treatment for essential hypertension.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1989

Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--echocardiographic follow-up and histopathological study.

In 30 consecutive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients who eventually died and 50 who survived, morphologic and functional changes in the heart during a follow-up period of an average of 3.9 years were echocardiographically evaluated. Echocardiographic indices were compared among 5 groups of patients with HCM, consisting of 4 groups of patients who eventually died (SD: 17 patients who suffered sudden death, ED: 4 who died of embolism, HF: 4 who died of congestive heart failure, NC: 5 who died of a noncardiac event) and 1 group of patients who survived with nondilated left ventricle (S: 50 patients). These indices at the last evaluation before death were compared with histopathological findings of left ventricles in 12 autopsied patients. At the initial evaluation ED and HF patients had a larger left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd), and HF patients had a smaller percent fractional shortening (%FS) and a slower normalized rapid filling rate (nRFR: mean rapid filling rate/LVEDV) than S patients, but these indices showed no differences between SD and S patients. During follow-up, no echocardiographic indices changed in S patients, but LVDd was increased and %FS and nRFR were decreased in SD and HF patients. Mean myocyte diameter and % area of disarray showed no differences among the 4 death groups. However, compared with NC, the other 3 groups, especially HF, had larger % area of massive fibrosis. The % area of massive fibrosis was correlated with LVDd (r = 0.80, p less than 0.005), %FS (r = -0.64, p less than 0.05), and nRFR (r = -0.95, p less than 0.001) at the last evaluation. These results suggested that echocardiographic follow-up was useful in predicting the progression of the myocardial lesion and the prognosis of HCM.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Mechanism of development of asymmetric septal hypertrophy in patients with essential systemic hypertension.

In order to understand the mechanism of development of asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) in hypertension, 290 patients with essential hypertension (HT) were examined echocardiographically. Out of them 84 cases of advanced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) [37 cases of symmetric hypertrophy (HT-SH group) and 47 cases of ASH (HT-ASH group)] were compared in their clinical and echocardiographic findings with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In the 290 HT cases, the highest systolic pressure in each patient's history was found to correlate with left ventricular (LV) posterior wall thickness (PWT), but not with the septal wall thickness (IVST). There were no differences in LV thickness (IVST + PWT) among patients in the HT-ASH, HT-SH and HCM groups. While the HCM group patients showed no significant differences in IVST and PWT from those in the HT-ASH group, they did have greater IVST and smaller PWT than HT-SH group patients. The rapid filling rate (RFR) was also not much different in the HCM and HT-ASH groups, but was significantly lower in the HCM group than in the HT-SH group. Furthermore, HT-ASH group patients has a milder degree of hypertension and a higher incidence of familial occurrence of HCM than did those in the HT-SH group. After treatment for HT, the HT-SH group showed a significant decrease in wall thickness during long-term observation, while the HT-ASH and HCM groups, failed to exhibit such changes. Moreover, the degree of myocardial disarrangement in the HT-ASH group did not differ significantly from that in the HCM group. These results suggested that LVH in HT is related not only to pressure load but also to genetic factors similar to that in HCM.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Determinants of late potentials in myocardial infarction.

To clarify factors which have an influence on late potentials (LPs), signal averaged electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization and Holter monitoring were studied in 86 patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI). Group 1 consisted of 27 patients with LPs (LP duration greater than or equal to 20 msec) and Group 2 consisted of 59 patients without them. Twelve percent of anterior MI and 35% of inferior MI had LPs. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dimension was larger and % fractional shortening was lower in group 1 than those in group 2. LV end-diastolic volume index and LV end-systolic volume index were larger and LV ejection fraction was lower in group 1 than those in group 2. Aneurysm was noted in 37% in group 1 and 17% in group 2 (p less than 0.05), and mean number of involved coronary vessels was 2.3 +/- 0.8 in group 1 and 1.7 +/- 0.8 in group 2 (p less than 0.05). No significant difference was found in other clinical and hemodynamic parameters. The incidence of patients with 100 or more ventricular premature contractions per hours and that with ventricular tachycardia (VT) were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (26% vs 7%, p less than 0.05, 33% vs 7%, p less than 0.01, respectively). Multiple regression analysis and the method of quantification demonstrated that ventricular arrhythmia was most strongly associated with LP duration.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1989

Relation between regional contractile dynamics and myocardial lesions in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

To investigate the influence of wall hypertrophy and myocardial lesions on the regional contractile dynamics of the left ventricle (LV) in patients of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), we obtained the thicknesses of the ventricular septum (VS) and posterior wall at end-diastole and systole (E.Td, E.Ts) from echocardiograms made before death for 11 patients of HCM and 6 patients of secondary concentric hypertrophic heart disease (SHH), and the percent regional systolic wall thickening normalized by that of 15 normal controls (%NRWT). We then compared the %NRWT with the pathological wall thickness (P.T.), myocyte diameter (MD), and percent areas of fibrosis (%F) and disarray (%D) in specimens of the corresponding portion from each autopsied heart. The %NRWT in the VS of HCM patients was significantly less than that in SHH patients. All of the MD, %F and %D in the LV wall of HCM patients were significantly greater than those in SHH patients. The %NRWT in the LV wall of HCM patients and SHH patients correlated inversely with the E.Td (r = -0.53, p less than 0.02 and r = -0.70, p less than 0.02, respectively), but not with the E.Ts or P.T. The %NRWT in the LV wall of HCM patients had an inverse correlation with the %F (r V -0.59, p less than 0.005). Furthermore, that in the VS had an inverse relationship with the %D (r = -0.63, p less than 0.05). Thus, it is suggested that not only LV hypertrophy, but also LV myocardial lesions affect the abnormality of the regional LV contractile dynamics in HCM patients. In addition, observation of the regional contractile dynamics by echocardiography may be useful for speculating on myocardial lesions associated with this disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

A comparative study of two different methods for detecting late potentials in patients with and without ventricular tachycardia.

To compare the clinical utility of 2 methods in detecting late potentials (LPs), our method (K-method) and Simson's method (S-method) were used in 96 patients with or without ventricular tachycardia(VT). Indices of LPs were LP duration (LPd) in K-method, and mean voltage of the filtered vector magnitude for the last 40 ms of the QRS complex (V40) in S-method. For patients with underlying cardiac disease (UD), LPd in patients with sustained VT (s-VT; 39.4 +/- 20.1 ms) was significantly longer than that in patients with nonsustained VT (ns-VT; 16.1 +/- 6.6 ms) or without VT (non-VT; 13.3 +/- 5.2 ms) (p less than 0.01), while V40 in patients with s-VT, ns-VT, and non-VT were 24.7 +/- 26.4 microV, 56.5 +/- 31.7 microV, and 98.1 +/- 75.3 microV, respectively (p less than 0.05). Patients without UD had less apparent LPs in both methods. There was a significant reciprocal correlation between LPd and V40; LPd = (378/V40) + 6.66 (r = 0.89, p less than 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity with the highest predictive accuracy for s-VT in K-method were 50% and 100% and those in S-method were 50% and 97% respectively. In conclusion, despite many differences in these 2 methods, sensitivity and specificity were nearly equal and they were both useful to identify patients with s-VT.

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial↗

PubMed1989

Role of afterload in progression of dilated cardiomyopathy--evaluation with force-velocity relation.

To evaluate the clinical role of afterload in progression of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a loading examination (study 1) and a follow-up study (study 2) were carried out, using echocardiography, and analysed with Force-Velocity relation (FVR). FVR was defined as the relation between end-systolic wall stress (WSes) and mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity (mVcf). In study 1, the cardiac responses to angiotensin II loading in 30 cases with DCM (17 cases with presumed causes, and 13 without) were observed. These cardiac responses could be described by a hyperbola (Y = 197/(X + 9) + 0.04, r = 0.63) on the graph of FVR, and each response also seemed to fit the hyperbola (Y = a/(X + 9) + 0.04). This "a" value differed according to the presumed causes, and had an inverse correlation with % fibrosis in the biopsied cardiac muscle (Y = 0.86 + 29.9, r = -0.64, p less than 0.02). In study 2, during a mean clinical course of 3.7 years, the cardiac function (mVcf) in 19 out of 25 cases with DCM changed inversely with the changes of WSes on FVR. The "a" value calculated by the same method as study 1 did not differ before and after the follow-up. It did, however, vary according to the clinical outcome. These results suggest that afterload plays an important role in progression of DCM, and that an evaluation of cardiac function employing FVR may be helpful for assessing the myocardial damage, causative factors, and the prognosis of DCM.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The effects of class IA antiarrhythmic drug on the common type of atrial flutter in combination with pacing therapy.

In 11 patients with common type of atrial flutter (common AF), rapid atrial pacing from the high right atrium was performed before and/or after class Ia antiarrhythmic drug administration, confirming transient entrainment by decreasing the pacing cycle length by 10 ms. In 10 patients before the drug administration, common AF was not interrupted although the pacing cycle length was decreased to 200 ms in 5 patients, accelerated atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation was induced in 4 patients, and common AF was converted into sinus rhythm in only 1 patient. After the drug administration common AF was converted into sinus rhythm in 5 out of 6 patients. The class Ia antiarrhythmic drug prolonged the common AF cycle length (255 +/- 12 ms vs. 298 +/- 37 ms, p less than 0.005) and widened the entrainment zone (64 +/- 7 ms vs. 90 +/- 20 ms, p less than 0.05). The widening of the entrainment zone and the prolongation of the common AF cycle length facilitate the successful conversion of common AF at a longer pacing cycle length, which would not precipitate atrial fibrillation or accelerated atrial flutter. The combination therapy of rapid atrial pacing and the class Ia antiarrhythmic drug is thought to be useful in the therapy of common AF.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effects of lower body negative pressure and volume loading on transmitral flow velocity pattern by pulsed Doppler echocardiography.

The transmitral flow (TMF) profile was studied in 18 patients with ischemic heart disease and in 4 patients with chest pain syndrome in order to clarify the dependency of preload alteration on the pattern of TMF. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography with simultaneous measurement of right-sided cardiac catheterization and M-mode echocardiography during lower body negative pressures (LBNP 0, -10 mmHg, -20 mmHg) and Dextran infusions (Dex 100 ml, 200 ml) were used in the study. After LBNP, peak velocities in rapid filling (peak R) (cm/sec) decreased (control; 68.3 +/- 13.9, LBNP-10 mmHg; 59.8 +/- 15.2, p less than 0.01, LBNP-20 mmHg; 55.2 +/- 11.0, p less than 0.01) and the integrals in the first half phase in rapid filling (IR1) (cm) also decreased (control; 4.0 +/- 0.8, LBNP-10 mmHg; 3.4 +/- 0.9, LBNP-20 mmHg; 3.2 +/- 0.9, p less than 0.05). During Dextran infusion, peak R (cm/sec) increased (control; 53.5 +/- 7.5, Dex 100 ml; 57.8 +/- 10.0, p less than 0.05, Dex 200 ml; 60.4 +/- 10.6, p less than 0.01) as did IR1 (cm) (control; 3.2 +/- 1.1, Dex 100 ml; 3.8 +/- 1.0, p less than 0.01, Dex 200 ml; 4.2 +/- 1.3, p less than 0.01). In conclusion, changes in preload may alter the peak velocity and the first half integral in left ventricular rapid filling depending on the pattern of transmitral flow velocity.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Clinical significance of symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia during exercise test in patients with effort angina pectoris--investigation of hemodynamic responses during supine ergometer exercise test.

Thirty one patients with stable effort angina who had no prior myocardial infarctions underwent symptom-limited ergometer exercise test. Hemodynamic responses during exercise were assessed to determine whether or not the limiting symptoms were related to the severity of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Twenty-two subjects (Group I) were limited by angina and nine (Group II) were limited by other symptoms. There were no differences in age, sex distribution, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, and left ventricular ejection fraction between the two groups. Multivessel coronary artery diseases, however, were more frequent in group I (16/22 vs 3/9: p less than 0.05). Maximal work load (46.6 +/- 16.0 vs 62.5 +/- 13.4 W: p less than 0.05), exercise duration (4.7 +/- 2.0 vs 7.2 +/- 1.4 min: p less than 0.005), and maximal oxygen consumption (12.4 +/- 4.1 vs 19.3 +/- 3.3 ml/kg/min: p less than 0.005) were significantly lower in group I. The magnitude of ST depression was not different between the two groups (2.0 +/- 0.8 vs 1.8 +/- 0.7 mm: NS). At maximal exercise, heart rate, mean blood pressure, cardiac index, and stroke work index (SWI) were significantly lower in group I (p less than 0.05) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was significantly higher in group I (31.1 +/- 6.1 vs 25.1 +/- 5.6 mmHg: p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Cardiac thrombus in dilated cardiomyopathy. Relationship between left ventricular pathophysiology and left ventricular thrombus.

The relationship between left ventricular thrombus and left ventricular dynamics in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was studied by echocardiography and postmortem examination. The subjects were 57 patients with DCM, 40 were survival patients examined by echocardiography and 17 were autopsy patients. Systemic or pulmonary embolism occurred in 10 of 57 patients, 4 of 40 survival patients and 6 of 17 autopsy patients. Intracardiac thrombus was detected in 11 of 40 survival patients and was found in 8 of 17 autopsy patients. Left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormalities were observed in all 40 patients examined by two-dimensional echocardiography and apical dyskinesis or akinesis was observed more frequently in patients with left ventricular thrombus than in patients without left ventricular thrombus. Of 33 patients examined by pulsed Doppler echocardiography, Doppler ejection flow signals in the apical long axis view were recorded in 9% at the apex, in 17% at the middle portion and in 57% at the portion near the interventricular septal center. The signals at the portion near the interventricular septal center were recorded in only 2 patients with left ventricular thrombus but in 66% of patients without left ventricular thrombus. Systemic or pulmonary embolism and intracardiac thrombus occurred less frequently in patients treated with warfarin than in patients without warfarin. These results indicate that endomyocardial and blood flow disorders of the left ventricle play important roles in the occurrence of left ventricular thrombus and that anticoagulant therapy is useful for the prevention of systemic or pulmonary embolism and cardiac thrombus.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Clinical and histopathologic correlation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Value of force-velocity product.

To evaluate the relation between cardiac function and myocardial damage in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), we compared echocardiographic parameters and histopathologic findings of the biopsied myocardium in 50 cases with DCM. As wall motion is much influenced by the increased afterload in cases with large ventricles, we generated a new contractile parameter, Force-Velocity Product (FVP). FVP was defined as the result obtained by multiplying mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity by noninvasive end-systolic wall stress. FVP correlated with percent fibrosis in the myocardium, which was reflected by no other echocardiographic parameter. We also evaluated the prognostic values of the echocardiographic and histopathologic parameters. FVP had the highest value among them. We conclude that FVP is a very useful clinical parameter, with the further advantage of being obtained noninvasively.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1989

Treatment of atrial flutter and rapid atrial tachycardia with transesophageal atrial pacing.

Eight patients with atrial flutter (AF) and rapid atrial tachycardia (AT) (5 common AF, 1 uncommon AF and 2 AT) were treated with transesophageal atrial pacing (TEAP). In 5 patients no antiarrhythmic agent was used during this study, and in 3 patients procainamide was administrated intravenously. Conversion to sinus rhythm was successfully achieved in 7 patients (5 common AF and 2 AT). Two patients were converted to sinus rhythm immediately after pacing, and transient atrial fibrillation was induced before conversion to sinus rhythm in 5 patients. TEAP failed to terminate the arrhythmia in 1 patient with uncommon AF. Administration of procainamide reduced the atrial rate in 2 common AF and 1 AT, which were successfully converted to sinus rhythm by TEAP, but induced a rapid ventricular response in 2 patients, one of whom also developed hypotension before conversion. No significant complication due to TEAP was observed in this study. In conclusion, TEAP is a noninvasive method with fewer complications and has nearly the same high efficacy for converting AF and rapid AT to sinus rhythm as DC cardioversion or transvenous atrial pacing.

Aged↗