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Biomedical subjects

H Faden

Publications and source records attributed to H Faden.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effect of concurrent viral infection on systemic and local antibody responses to live attenuated and enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccines.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of an asymptomatic nonpolioviral infection on the immune response to poliovirus vaccines. DESIGN: Open comparative trial. SETTING: Well-child clinic at The Children's Hospital of Buffalo, NY. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-seven healthy infants infected with nonpolioviruses and 27 healthy controls matched for age and vaccine group. INTERVENTIONS: Trivalent oral attenuated poliovirus vaccine or enhanced potency inactivated vaccine administered at ages 4 and 12 months. MEASUREMENTS/MAIN RESULTS: Neutralizing antibody to poliovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3 were determined in the serum and nasopharyngeal secretion samples obtained at ages 4, 5, 12, and 13 months. The IgA antibody titers for polioviruses 1, 2, and 3 were measured in nasopharyngeal secretion samples during the same periods. Antibody responses to poliovirus vaccines were similar in coinfected subjects and healthy controls at ages 5 and 13 months, except for serum neutralizing antibody that was significantly elevated in the controls compared with coinfected subjects (geometric mean [+/- SD] antibody titers, 12.7 +/- 1.6 vs 11.5 +/- 1.7). Concurrent viral infections affected the immune response in recipients of the oral poliovirus vaccine and the enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine similarly. The immune response to polioviruses 1 and 3 were more adversely affected by coinfection than was the immune response to poliovirus 2. CONCLUSION: Concurrent asymptomatic viral infections minimally impaired the immune response to poliovirus vaccines. The adverse effects of coinfection were considered clinically insignificant.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Effect of respiratory syncytial virus on adherence, colonization and immunity of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae: implications for otitis media.

Adherence of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae to respiratory epithelium was evaluated in a cotton rat model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Colonization with non-typable H. influenzae increased to a maximum within 4 days of RSV infection compared to RSV negative controls (4.58 +/- 0.17 vs 3.82 +/- 0.23 log colony forming units (CFU) per ml, P less than 0.05) and then declined over the subsequent 10 days (2.0 +/- 0 vs 3.78 +/- 0.39 CFU per ml, P less than 0.0001). In a second series of experiments, attachment of non-typable H. influenzae to epithelial cells collected from RSV infected cotton rats at the time of maximum virus replication was not different from controls (57.4 +/- 18.3 vs 52.0 +/- 24.3 bacteria per 50 cells). Systemic immunity to non-typable H. influenzae as measured by IgG-specific antibody to the outer membrane complex and bactericidal antibody did not influence colonization. These data suggest that colonization with non-typable H. influenzae is significantly affected by a concurrent infection with RSV; however, the site of bacterial attachment is not known.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Systemic and local immune responses to enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine in premature and term infants.

Serum neutralizing, nasopharyngeal neutralizing, and IgA antibodies to polioviruses 1, 2, and 3 were detected in preterm and term infants who had received three doses of an enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine at 2, 4, and 12 months of age. After the third dose of this vaccine, 95% or more of the infants tested had detectable serum neutralizing antibodies to polioviruses types 1, 2, and 3. Nasopharyngeal neutralizing and IgA antibodies were detected in 43% to 91% of the infants. The peak geometric mean titers of serum and nasopharyngeal antibodies against polioviruses types 1, 2, and 3 were similar for both groups. These preliminary data indicate that preterm infants are capable of mounting systemic and local immune responses to enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine that are comparable to those made by term infants.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Chronic parvovirus infection in a presumably immunologically healthy woman.

Infection due to parvovirus B19 is common and usually resolves over several weeks. Prolonged infection has been reported primarily in immunodeficient hosts. The present report describes a chronic infection in an apparently immunologically healthy woman. The illness was characterized by recurrent episodes of paresthesia without anemia. Laboratory studies demonstrated persistence of parvovirus-specific DNA for nearly 4 years.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Immune response to outer membrane antigens of Moraxella catarrhalis in children with otitis media.

The systemic and local antibody responses to homologous strains of Moraxella catarrhalis were investigated in 14 children with otitis media. A total of 8 children (57%) demonstrated a rise in serum antibody of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) (5 of 14), IgM (5 of 14), or IgA (6 of 14) classes of immunoglobulin to outer membrane antigens. Local antibody consisted of IgG (100%), IgM (29%), and IgA (71%). The IgG and IgA specific antibody present in middle-ear effusions appeared to represent local production rather than passive diffusion from the systemic circulation. These data suggest that young children develop an antibody response to M. catarrhalis in the middle ear during otitis media but fail to develop systemic antibody in a uniform manner.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1992

Effect of prior antibiotic treatment on middle ear disease in children.

The effect of prior antibiotic treatment on the course of otitis media was assessed in a group of 62 children who experienced 83 episodes of ear infection during 3 years of observation. Bacterial quantitation in middle ear fluids demonstrated a significantly higher colony count in symptomatic children (3.9 x 10(4) +/- 12 bacteria per milliliter) compared to asymptomatic children (6.3 x 10(3) +/- 10 bacteria per milliliter; p = .05). Bacterial counts similarly tended to be higher in children with Streptococcus pneumoniae (4.0 x 10(6) +/- 16 bacteria per milliliter) and Hemophilus influenzae (2.0 x 10(6) +/- 16 bacteria per milliliter), who were more often symptomatic (73% and 55%, respectively, versus 38%) than children with Moraxella catarrhalis (7.9 x 10(3) +/- 2). Antibiotic therapy between 3 and 30 days prior to bacterial diagnosis was associated with a reduction in symptoms from 70% to 38% (p less than .025). However, prior treatment did not statistically reduce bacterial colony counts, although S pneumoniae decreased 90% in the previously treated group. Resistance to ampicillin occurred in 0% of S pneumoniae, 39% of nontypeable H influenzae, and 80% of M catarrhalis subjects without prior treatment and in 0%, 46%, and 100%, respectively, of subjects previously treated (p less than .025). These data suggest that prior treatment has a significant impact on the subsequent course of otitis media in children.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Emergence of invasive group A streptococcal disease among young children.

Eight cases of invasive group A streptococcal disease in young children were reported over a three-month period, February to April 1990. The spectrum of clinical disease included: pneumonia with bacteremia (two patients), osteomyelitis/septic arthritis (three patients), epiglottitis/supraglottitis (two patients), and sepsis without a focus (one patient). Three cases followed chicken pox. Three children were in shock at the time of presentation, including one child who had a toxic shock-like appearance. Only four children had pharyngitis. Bacteremia was confirmed in three children and presumed in another three. All the subjects survived. Four isolates of group A streptococci were tested for exotoxin A, B, and C (A-0, B-4, C-1) production. These data confirm the reappearance of a highly invasive strain of group A streptococci capable of producing a variety of clinical diseases, including bacteremia and shock, in a significant proportion of victims.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Acute osteomyelitis in children. Reassessment of etiologic agents and their clinical characteristics.

One hundred thirty-five children with acute osteomyelitis were identified by chart review during a 7-year period, January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1986. Bacteriologic causes were detected in 75 (55%) of the patients. Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified in 34 (25%), 16 (12%), and eight (6%) children, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus occurred in all age groups, H influenzae type b occurred only in children younger than 3 years and was the number one cause of disease in this group. Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurred exclusively in children older than 9 years. Children with H influenzae type b had clinical and laboratory findings that were almost indistinguishable from a matched group of children with osteomyelitis due to other known bacteria, although children with H influenzae type b tended to have more joint effusions (63% vs 27%), less lower extremity disease (22% vs 70%), and fewer positive cultures from bone or joint aspirates (41% vs 89%). Unlike most pediatric cases of osteomyelitis, the ones due to P aeruginosa did not represent the hematogenous route of infection; penetrating injury to the foot was present in every case. Children with P aeruginosa infections were older than 9 years (100%), predominantly male (88%), often afebrile (83%), and never bacteremic. These data provide guidelines for the initial work-up and management of osteomyelitis in children.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Results of a clinical study of polio vaccine: the Buffalo experience.

Serum-neutralizing, nasopharyngeal-neutralizing and nasopharyngeal IgA antibodies were determined in 123 infants immunized with either live (oral) poliovirus vaccine (OPV-OPV-OPV) (Group A), inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV-IPV-IPV) (Group B) or combinations of the two trivalent poliovirus vaccines: IPV-OPV-OPV (Group C) or IPV-IPV-OPV (Group D). Nearly 100% of individuals formed serum-neutralizing antibodies. The highest geometric mean titer of antibody to polioviruses 1, 2 and 3 occurred in groups D, C and B, respectively. Local neutralizing and IgA antibody responses were detected in 41 to 88% and 75 to 100%, respectively. Peak geometric mean titer of nasopharyngeal antibodies differed minimally between immunization groups. Based on these data, it appears that a vaccine schedule with the combination of IPV and OPV would be ideal. It is uncertain whether a combination schedule is feasible in a highly mobile and heterogeneous population, such as that found in the United States.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Release of leukotriene B4 from human neutrophils after interaction with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae.

Opsonization of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae with antibody is critical for the interaction between the organism and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Nontypeable H. influenzae opsonized in fresh antibody-positive serum induced the release of 42.5 +/- 17.9 ng of leukotriene B4 per ml from PMNs after 20 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. On the other hand, opsonization of the organisms in fresh antibody-negative serum stimulated the release of significantly smaller amounts of leukotriene B4 by the PMNs. Simultaneous determinations of phagocytosis demonstrated similar patterns of response. A small amount (26.7 +/- 7.6%) of unopsonized nontypeable H. influenzae was phagocytosed by PMNs during 20 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. In contrast, 89.3 +/- 2.0% of nontypeable H. influenzae opsonized in fresh antibody-positive serum was phagocytosed during the same incubation period (P less than 0.001). Removal of complement through heat inactivation at 56 degrees C for 30 min did not significantly affect phagocytosis. These data suggest that the humoral immune response to nontypeable H. influenzae plays an important role in the inflammatory process and may contribute to the production of middle ear effusions in otitis media.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Arachidonic acid metabolites in middle ear effusions of children.

Middle ear effusions (MEEs) from 78 children (98 ears) with otitis media were examined for products of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, including leukotrienes B4, C4, D4, and E4 and prostaglandins D2 and E2, by high-performance liquid chromatography. Leukotrienes B4 and D4 were recovered most frequently: 59% and 54%, respectively. Leukotriene B4 was found in highest concentration, 1.29 +/- 3.46 ng/0.1 mL. The concentrations of leukotrienes B4 (p less than .03), (4 (p less than .01), and E4 (p less than .02) were significantly higher in culture-positive than in culture-negative MEEs. Neither the concentration nor the type of AA metabolite correlated with bacterial species isolated, chronicity of effusion, age of subject, or consistency of MEE. These data suggest that the AA metabolites are synthesized relatively frequently during otitis media of childhood. Leukotriene B4 is the most frequently detected AA metabolite in MEEs and is highly associated with the presence of viable bacteria.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1991

Nasopharyngeal flora in the first three years of life in normal and otitis-prone children.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of the three major middle ear pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Hemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) was evaluated prospectively in a group of 110 children followed up for the first 3 years of life. The findings suggested that nasopharyngeal carriage of middle ear pathogens increases significantly during respiratory illness among the general population of young children; however, otitis-prone children demonstrated a tendency to carry nontypeable H influenzae at an unusually high rate even during health. This propensity to carry nontypeable H influenzae might explain why nontypeable H influenzae is a major cause of recurrent or chronic otitis media.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Comparative evaluation of immunization with live attenuated and enhanced-potency inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccines in childhood: systemic and local immune responses.

Serum neutralizing, nasopharyngeal neutralizing, and IgA antibodies were determined in 123 infants immunized with one of four schedules containing live oral vaccine (OPV), inactivated vaccine (IPV), or combinations of the two trivalent poliovirus vaccines: OPV-OPV-OPV, IPV-IPV-IPV, IPV-OPV-OPV, or IPV-IPV-OPV. Nearly 100% of individuals formed serum neutralizing antibodies. The highest geometric mean titer (GMT) of antibody to polioviruses 1, 2, and 3 occurred in groups IPV-IPV-OPV, IPV-OPV-OPV, and IPV-IPV-IPV, respectively. Local neutralizing and IgA antibody responses were detected in 41%-88% and 75%-100%, respectively. Peak GMT of nasopharyngeal antibodies differed minimally between immunization groups. The data suggest that incorporation of at least one dose of IPV at the start of the immunization schedule tends to increase systemic as well as local antibody production.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1990

Changes in nasopharyngeal flora during otitis media of childhood.

The nasopharyngeal flora of healthy children were compared with flora in children with otitis media caused by nontypable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Forty healthy children were followed prospectively and compared with 70 children with 43 episodes of nontypable H. influenzae, 21 episodes of S. pneumoniae and 28 episodes of M. catarrhalis otitis media. Carriage of nontypable H. influenzae (95% vs. 65%, P less than 0.001), S. pneumoniae (91% vs. 52%, P less than 0.005) and M. catarrhalis (86% vs. 52%, P less than 0.001) increased significantly during episodes of otitis media compared with healthy periods. The quantity of nontypable H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis in nasopharyngeal secretions also increased during active infection compared with healthy periods: 3.0 vs. 2.0, P less than 0.005; 3.2 vs. 2.1, P less than 0.001; and 3.3 vs. 2.5, P less than 0.01, respectively. At the same time, nonpathogens of the resident flora, in particular viridans streptococci, declined in carriage: 65% vs. 22%, P less than 0.001. These data suggest that respiratory pathogens become relatively more important in the microenvironment of the nasopharynx during episodes of otitis media. Furthermore the absence of a middle ear pathogen in a nasopharyngeal culture strongly suggests that the pathogen is not present in the middle ear space (negative predictive value greater than 0.96).

Bacterial Infections↗