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Biomedical subjects

H F Clark

Publications and source records attributed to H F Clark.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1972

Iguana virus, a herpes-like virus isolated from cultured cells of a lizard, Iguana iguana.

An agent cytopathic for Terrapene and Iguana cell cultures was isolated from spontaneously degenerating cell cultures prepared from a green iguana (Iguana iguana). The agent, designated iguana virus, caused a cytopathic effect (CPE) of a giant cell type, with eosinophilic inclusions commonly observed within giant cell nuclei. Incubation temperature had a marked effect on CPE and on virus release from infected cells. Within the range of 23 to 36 C, low temperatures favored CPE characterized by cytolysis and small giant cell formation, and significant virus release was observed. At warmer temperatures, a purely syncytial type of CPE and total absence of released virus were noted. A unique type of hexagonal eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion was observed within syncytia of infected Terrapene cell cultures incubated at 36 C. In vivo studies revealed no evidence of pathogenicity of iguana virus for suckling mice, embryonated hen's eggs, or several species of reptiles and amphibians. Inoculation of iguana virus into young iguanas consistently caused infection that was "unmasked" only when cell cultures were prepared directly from the infected animal. Filtration studies revealed a virion size of >100 nm and <220 nm. Iguana virus is ether-sensitive and, as presumptively indicated by studies of inhibition by bromodeoxyuridine, possesses a deoxyribonucleic type of nucleic acid. The virus characteristics described, as well as electron microscopy observations described in a separate report, indicate that iguana virus is a member of the herpesvirus group.

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PubMed1972

Electron microscopy observations on a new herpes-type virus isolated from Iguana iguana and propagated in reptilian cells in vitro.

Ultrastructural observations on a new viral isolate, designated iguana virus, indicate that it is consistently present in intranuclear inclusions, possesses a +/- 115-nm nucleocapsid, ranges from 165 to 300 nm in diameter in the enveloped form, and exhibits cubic symmetry (probably 162 capsomeres). It is concluded that it is a herpes-type virus, the morphological evidence being in agreement with and supporting the biological and physical characteristics presented by Clark and Karzon. Several fine-structural features, among them the encapsidization of small 35-nm hexagonal bodies and the viral membrane envelope enclosure of cell-derived moieties are presented and discussed.

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PubMed1972

Chronic rabies virus infection of cell cultures.

Exposure of both mammalian and reptilian cells in tissue culture to different strains of fixed rabies virus resulted in a carrier type of infection. No cytopathic effect was observed in either type of culture; infected cultures could be maintained by cell transfer for unlimited numbers of passages. A consistent pattern of cyclically rising and falling levels of viral infection was observed by fluorescent-antibody staining techniques and by titration of released infectious virus. Resistance to super-infection by vesicular stomatis virus and the production of an interferon-like substance by infected cells indicated that the maintenance of a carrier type of infection may be interferon-mediated. The degree of susceptibility of rabies-infected cells to immunolysis by antirabies antibody in the presence of complement was found to be correlated with the amount of virus maturation occurring by budding through the cell membrane and not with the presence of immunofluorescent antigen in the cytoplasm of infected cells.

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PubMed1971

Isolation of temperature-sensitive conditional lethal mutants of "fixed" rabies virus.

In an attempt to induce temperature-sensitive (ts) conditional lethal mutants of rabies virus, stocks of a plaque-purified substrain of strain CVS fixed rabies virus were subjected to mutagenesis by HNO(2), 5-fluorouracil, or 5-azacytidine. It was necessary to prepare virus stocks from clones of mutagenized virus selected at random and to test subsequently each stock for possible ts characteristics by measuring its relative capacity for growth at permissive (33 C) and nonpermissive (40.5 C) temperatures. Five ts mutants were detected in tests of 161 clones of mutagenized virus. Each of the mutants exhibited a remarkably low incidence of reversion and little demonstrable "leakiness." One of the five ts mutants (ts2), which formed formed very small plaques, and another (ts1), which formed plaques of only slightly reduced size, were further characterized. Virus ts1 was more thermostable at 40.5 C than the parental virus, but the ts2 mutant was unchanged in this respect. The ts1 virus exhibited normal pathogenicity for mice, but ts2 virus caused a very irregular death pattern. Both deaths and survivors immune to rabies virus challenge were noted in all groups of mice inoculated with ts2 virus, regardless of the virus dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Comparison of the ribonucleic acid polymerases of two rhabdoviruses, Kern Canyon virus and vesicular stomatitis virus.

A ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase has been demonstrated in Kern Canyon virus (KCV) particles. The RNA product of the KCV polymerase hybridizes to KCV viral RNA. The properties of this viral enzyme have been characterized and compared with those of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). RNA polymerases from both viruses require similar conditions of temperature, pH, and detergent and magnesium concentrations for maximal synthesis of RNA. The RNA polymerase contained in the virion of KCV was more dependent on the presence of a sulfhydryl agent than was the VSV enzyme. Under optimal conditions, the specific activity of the VSV polymerase is about twenty-five times as great as that of KCV.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Thermoelectrically cooled temperature-gradient apparatus for comparative cell and virus temperature studies.

Establishment of a near-linear temperature gradient in an incubator has been accomplished by the application of heat to one terminus of a conducting body, normally a metal bar, and the removal of heat from the other terminus of the conducting body. Such incubators have been complex and unwieldy because of the need for mechanical refrigeration. We have described a simplified temperature gradient incubator which uses thermoelectric module cooling coupled with electric heating. Along the gradient, 20 stations in two parallel rows of 10, each accommodating a 30-ml plastic cell culture flask, were continually monitored by an electronic thermometer, and the temperatures were recorded. By manipulation of two simple potentiometer controls, any temperature gradient between 0 and 50 C could be obtained. Minor deviations which occurred between theoretically perfect and obtained temperature gradients were reproducible and readily measured. The gradient incubator was particularly applicable to (i) simultaneously studying a given biological activity over the entire temperature range supporting the growth of a given cell, virus, or microorganism, or (ii) precisely defining the upper or lower temperature limits of a biological system by 10-point determinations. Preliminary experiments have demonstrated the usefulness of the apparatus in characterizing the temperature limits for growth in vitro of cells of reptilian cell lines. The gradient incubator was also successfully utilized for the characterization of the effect of temperature on the efficiency of plating of amphibian viruses and possible temperature variants of those viruses.

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