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Biomedical subjects

H Chandra

Publications and source records attributed to H Chandra.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Organ transplantation: present scenario and future strategies for transplant programme (specially cadaveric) in India: socio-administrative respects.

Organ transplantation was enacted by a law "Transplantation of Human Organ Act" in 1994 but still, getting the consent from the relatives of brain dead person is a very difficult task and hence cadaveric transplant accounts for a minimum number. In India, most of the transplantations carried out are related to living donor and very few are cadaveric. The poor status of cadaver transplantation may be attributed to the moral, emotional and religious beliefs and taboos that inhibit the relatives of the deceased to come forward to donate organ(s) of a brain dead person.Non-existence of a trained transplant co-ordinator who is the backbone of any successful transplant programme is another reason for poor response in cadaver transplantation. The great task is to motivate and prepare the relatives for organ donation of their near and dear ones. Transplant co-ordinators are being prepared for motivating individuals or relatives for donation. To promote human organ transplantation government's initiative is very important. Mass media supported by the government can develop better awareness among the people. Non-government organisations (NGOs) can help in the similar ways. All hospitals are not authorised for the procedure of human organ transplantation. Other hospitals can help the process by informing the authorised hospitals about recent admission of potential donor (brainstem death). Role of transplant coordinator is crucial. He/she is the real inspiration to make agree the relatives for organ donation. Overall success of transplant programme is based on co-ordinated activity. Involvement of all agencies to motivate the person to pledge for organ donation during his/her life time is the first and the foremost requirement for successful planning and programme of organ transplantation.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1998

The single ectopic ureter.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVES To correlate renal function with the site of the ectopic orifice in patients with a single ectopic ureter and to evaluate the role of ureteric reimplantation in the preservation of renal function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients (41 female, age 1.5 months to 20 years) with a single ectopic ureter have been managed in our institution in the last 21 years. The classical symptom of continuous wetting with intermittent normal micturition was reported in most of the female patients. The investigative evaluation included intravenous urography (i.v.U), cysto-urethroscopy, vaginoscopy with retrograde ureteric catheterization, micturating cysto-urethrography (MCU) and ultrasonography. Diuretic renography was carried out in four patients after it became available in 1992. Renal function was assessed in relation to urinary tract anomalies and with outcome after ureteric re-implantation. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients (two males) had a unilateral ectopic ureter; the ectopic orifice was vaginal in 12, vestibular in 11, urethral in nine, at the bladder neck in two, the seminal vesicle in one and undetermined in three. Twenty-one patients had renal and/or ureteric abnormalities, with reflux detected on MCU in three ureters. Associated anomalies included hypospadias (two, one female), skeletal anomalies (two), anorectal malformations (three), cryptorchidism (two), and unilateral cystic ovary (one). Two patients had preoperative hypertension. In 15 patients, renal function was considered sufficient to justify ureteric reimplantation, 14 of whom regained continence. One girl had suprapubic leakage from the bladder and died during secondary nephroureterectomy. Another girl had persistent incontinence; she was found to have contralateral duplex ureters with a vestibular ectopic orifice and was cured after upper polar heminephroureterectomy. i.v.U and renography carried out in two patients each within 4 weeks of surgery showed a moderate improvement in renal function. Eight patients reported for follow-up after ureteric reimplantation (mean duration 11 months); none had hypertension or urinary infection. Twenty-three patients with rudimentary kidneys underwent nephroureterectomy. Histopathological examination of the excised kidneys showed moderate to severe dysplasia with chronic pyelonephritis. Six patients (one male) had bilateral single ectopic ureters, with normal renal function in the five females. Unilateral reimplantation in the boy resolved the symptoms; one girl died before surgery and the other four underwent bilateral ureteric reimplantation, after which one was dry for up to 3 h while the other three were incontinent, one of whom subsequently underwent urinary diversion. CONCLUSIONS: There was no clear correlation of renal function with the site of the ectopic ureteric orifice, as most of the patients with a vaginal ectopic ureter had sufficient renal function to justify renal preservation. Ureteric reimplantation preserved renal function, although the improvement after surgery was determined by the degree of renal dysplasia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Age-related trends (1986-1993) in the use of thrombolytic agents in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The Worcester Heart Attack Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine age-related differences and temporal trends in the use of thrombolytic therapy in a community-wide study of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between 1986 and 1993. METHODS: All hospitals in the Worcester, Mass, metropolitan area (1990 census population, 4370000) were included. A total of 3824 patients with validated AMI categorized according to age comprised the study sample: younger than 55 years (n = 577), 55 to 64 years (n = 758), 65 to 74 years (n = 1143), and 75 years or older (n = 1346). RESULTS: Use of thrombolytic therapy increased during the period under study in all patients hospitalized with AMI (9% in 1986; 26% in 1993). In 1986, the majority of treated patients received streptokinase; while increases over time in the use of tissue-type plasminogen activator were noted, streptokinase remained the thrombolytic agent of choice in 1993. Marked age-related trends in the use of thrombolytic therapy were observed, with the most striking increases in the use of thrombolytic therapy over time seen in those aged 65 years or older. Between 1986 and 1993 the relative increases in the use of thrombolytic therapy were observed in the following age groups: younger than 55 years (106%), 55 to 64 years (85%), 65 to 74 years (694%), and 75 years or older (571%). Despite these encouraging trends in the use of thrombolytic therapy in older patients, after controlling for a variety of potential confounding variables elderly patients were significantly less likely to receive thrombolytic therapy during hospitalization for AMI. Compared with patients aged 75 years or older, patients younger than 55 years were 6.4 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8-8.5), patients aged 55 to 64 years were 4.9 times (95% CI, 3.8-6.4), and patients aged 65 to 74 years were 3.0 times (95% CI, 2.3-3.9) significantly more likely to receive thrombolytic therapy. These differences were in part related to the proportion of patients with myocardial infarction satisfying eligibility criteria for the receipt of thrombolytic therapy; patients aged 75 years or older were significantly less likely to meet these criteria (19%) than were those younger than 55 years (49%), those aged 55 to 64 years (38%), and those aged 65 to 74 years (28%). CONCLUSIONS: The present results show that while there have been substantial increases over time in the use of thrombolytic therapy in patients with AMI, most particularly in older individuals, the elderly remain appreciably less likely to receive these agents during hospitalization for AMI. These differences may be due to the smaller percentage of elderly patients satisfying criteria for the use of these agents compared with younger patients with coronary heart disease, as well as to a reluctance by physicians to use these agents in older patients. Continued monitoring of these trends remains important for examining changes in physicians' practice patterns regarding the use of thrombolytic therapy in this vulnerable population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

The lessons of Bhopal [toxic] MIC gas disaster scope for expanding global biomonitoring and environmental specimen banking.

Bhopal Toxic gas tragedy represents one of the worst chemical accidents of the world. Autopsy and toxicological studies, apart from presenting evidence of acute and even chronic cyanide toxicity, provided a unique example of the incriminated chemical being traced to the bodies of the victims. The entry of methyl isocyanate (MIC) into the blood stream was established by the presence of carbamoylated end-terminal amino acids of haemoglobin and other tissue proteins. The presence of MIC trimer and a few other identified as well as unidentified tank residue constituents in the blood and viscera further established a close nexus of the products of pyrolysis of MIC in the aerosol inhaled by the victims. The Bhopal studies exemplify the scope for biological monitoring (BM) and environmental specimen banking (ESB) in chemical accidents as part of the global efforts.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

AIDS awareness in blood donors in north India.

Prevention of AIDS can only be achieved by a successful public awareness programme. This study was carried out to establish the level of awareness of AIDS and HIV infection through blood transfusion among Indian blood donors of various socioeconomic groups. A questionnaire consisting of 20 questions pertaining to various aspects of AIDS and HIV infection was circulated to 1012 voluntary blood donors. The responses were categorized as good, average and poor knowledge according to the number of correct responses. The majority of the donors were males (93.5%), married (69.7%) and belonged to the Hindu community. Of the donors, 44.4% were educated, 49.9% were highly educated and 5.8% were illiterate. Overall, only 205 (20.3%) showed good awareness of AIDS and the majority of these 168 (16.6%) were highly educated. Approximately 80% of our population did not have sufficient knowledge about AIDS or the danger of contracting as well as disseminating this disease in the community. One hundred and ninety-one (18.9%) donors were in the higher income group and only 13 of them showed good awareness. Most of the donors, 384 (38.0%), were government white collar workers and belonged to the middle income group. In this group 154 had good awareness. The majority of donors with good awareness (176 out of 205) preferred to receive HIV tested banked blood or blood from their own relatives during emergencies. None of the blood donors had any knowledge of autologous blood donations. This study showed that awareness of AIDS was not satisfactory in Indian society. More intensive public awareness campaigns by the Government with the help of Non-Governmental Organizations is required in India to prevent an explosive AIDS situation in the near future.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Socio-economic, environmental and health aspects of farm workers engaged in mango plantations.

A cross-sectional survey of 489 male subjects in the age group 15 to 65 years engaged directly or indirectly in mango cultivation along with 208 control subjects was carried out to find their socio-economic, environmental and health conditions. The conditions like high illiteracy rate (49.5%), poverty (PCI less than Rs 100 per month, 52.2%), poor housing (mud houses, 66.7%) unsafe water supply (78.6%) were prevailing in the surveyed population. The high respiratory morbidity may be attributed to high prevalence of smoking and prolonged inhalation of organic dusts during farming operation associated with illiteracy and poor socio-economic status. Gastrointestinal disorders were related to poor hygienic conditions, smoking and consumption of contaminated water. The symptoms pertaining to CNS, skin and eyes were found to be associated with exposure to pesticides.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Isolation of an unknown compound, from both blood of Bhopal aerosol disaster victims and residue of tank E-610 of Union Carbide India Limited--chemical characterization of the structure.

A total of more than 28 chemical entities/reaction products in the form of gases, vapour and particulate matter were reported from the tank E-610 of methyl isocyanate (MIC) storage tank of Union Carbide India Limited on the night of 2/3 December 1984 in Bhopal. In earlier studies, methyl isocyanate and its trimer, with a few other compounds, were reported in the human victims preserved in deep freeze. Randomly selected samples were analysed by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer (ITD-800, Finnigan MAT, UK). Four of the cases showed the peaks and fragmentation pattern identified with one of the unidentified compound of molecular weight 269 amu in the Tank Residue, which constituted about 0.2 area per cent on GC-ITD. After isolation by column chromatography and being exposed to characterization, it was identified as a Spiro compound. It was possibly formed by the polymerization of five molecules of methyl isocyanate.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of malathion in body tissues and fluids.

Six cases of suspected poisoning were studied. The various body tissues and fluids of all the cases were analysed and malathion was found positive. The quantitative analysis was performed using high performance liquid chromatography. The distribution of malathion was studied in lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, brain, heart, blood, muscles, urine and gastric contents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Routine radio-imaging in filarial chyluria--is it necessary in developing countries?

Chyluria is a common presentation of filariasis in developing countries and mostly affects economically poor classes. The judicious use of investigations is mandatory to keep the cost of treatment acceptable. A modified plan is suggested for managing such patients without using retrograde pyelography or lymphangiography. A total of 54 patients were studied at 2 separate institutions, with retrograde pyelography being carried out at one institution but not at the other. All patients were treated primarily by the instillation of 1% silver nitrate, with an initial success rate of 70%. Eight patients who failed to respond underwent pyelolymphatic disconnection, the success rate being 88%. The omission of retrograde pyelography and lymphangiography had no effect on either treatment or outcome. The value of these radio-imaging techniques is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A cross-sectional study of pulmonary function among workers exposed to multimetals in the glass bangle industry.

Spirometric lung functions were evaluated in 220 asymptomatic glass bangle workers exposed to the salts of various heavy metals, such as arsenic, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, and selenium, which are used as coloring agents in the manufacture of glass bangles. The mean values of various spirometric variables (viz. FVC, FEV1, IMBC, and PEFR) were within normal range (more than 80% of the predicted values) in both smoking and nonsmoking glass bangle workers and did not reveal any significant differences in comparison with those observed in the unexposed controls. However, variables such as FEV1/FVC% ratio, FEF25-75 and FEF75-85 were reduced significantly (p less than 0.001) in the exposed group. The reduction was more marked in the smoking glass bangle workers indicating additive effect of cigarette smoking on the small airways. The exposed group showed a significantly higher prevalence (16.3%) of respiratory impairment in comparison to that observed in the controls (7.9%) as a result of exposure to various metals in the work environment (p less than 0.01). The respiratory impairment observed in the exposed group indicated primarily restrictive pattern of pulmonary abnormality (10.4%), while the controls revealed only 1.1% prevalence of this disease (p less than 0.001). The effect of the duration of exposure on the prevalence of respiratory impairment in the glass bangle industry revealed significantly higher prevalence (p less than 0.05) in those who worked for more than 10 years (23.0%) than in those who worked for less than 10 years (10.8%) thereby indicating that the duration of exposure is directly related to the prevalence of respiratory impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A study of the prevalence of respiratory morbidity among agate workers.

A random sample of 342 workers engaged in chipping and grinding of agate stones were surveyed in a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of respiratory morbidity in the agate industry. The findings were compared with those obtained in controls. The study showed a significantly higher prevalence of lung diseases among agate workers than among controls (63.4% vs 35.5%, P less than 0.001). The respiratory morbidity in agate workers and controls was maximal in the group aged 31+ years (83.3% and 42.2%, respectively). The prevalence of pneumoconiosis in agate workers (18.4%) was highly significant as compared with controls, in whom not a single case was found (P less than 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the prevalence of pneumoconiosis in men and women of the exposed group (17.9% vs 19.6%). Among the cases of pulmonary diseases in agate workers, pneumoconiosis formed the largest group (18.4%), whereas among controls it was tuberculosis (12.1%). The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was very high in both agate workers and controls (15.5% and 12.1%, respectively), probably because of poor socio-economic and unhygienic living conditions. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to be higher among the control population as compared with the exposed group (6.7% vs 2.6%). It therefore appeared that agate dust had no role in precipitating chronic bronchitis. However, bronchial asthma appeared to have been aggravated due to agate dust, as the risk among agate workers was 7-fold that found among the controls. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis showed a dose-response relationship in both male and female agate workers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of alcohols with reference to body distribution of methanol.

A method has been developed on reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of methyl, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols under refractive index detection using pure water as the mobile phase. A good separation has been achieved between these alcohols. Detector response was linear with a detection limit of 5 mg/100 ml. Recovery studies were performed by adding known amounts of methyl and ethyl alcohols to blood, lung and liver within the range 80-90%. The reproducibility of the results was always greater than 90%. The quantitative distribution of methyl alcohol in postmortem body tissues and fluids has been reported in three cases of poisoning.

1-Propanol↗