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Biomedical subjects

H C Haywood

Publications and source records attributed to H C Haywood.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Self-reinforcement in mildly mentally retarded adults: effects of motivational orientation and instructional demand.

The effects of external (environmental) and internal (cognitive) self-influences of self-regulatory behaviour were investigated in 60 mildly mentally retarded adults. External conditions were three demand conditions (stringent, variable, and lenient). The 'internal' variable was an individual differences one, motivational orientation: one-half of the subjects were relatively intrinsically motivated and the other half were relatively extrinsically motivated. Both external and internal self-influences affected performance on a motor/attention task. Subjects in the stringent-demand condition worked harder, set higher performance standards and arranged leaner schedules of self-reinforcement than did subjects in the lenient demand condition. Intrinsically motivated subjects worked harder, set higher performance standards, and arranged leaner schedules of self-reinforcement than did extrinsically motivated subjects over all demand conditions. Furthermore, intrinsically motivated subjects chose higher performance standards than had been demonstrated to them in the lenient-demand condition, and also arranged leaner schedules of self reinforcement over all demand conditions than had been demonstrated to them, compared to extrinsically motivated subjects. Internal self-system characteristics appear to interact reciprocally with external demand characteristics to reveal substantial individual differences in patterns of self-reward behaviour.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

The mental age deficit: explanation and treatment.

Mildly and moderately retarded persons perform in many psychological tasks, by definition, at lower levels than do nonretarded persons of equal chronological age (CA), but they also perform often at lower levels than do younger nonretarded persons of equal mental age (MA). "MA deficit" appears to derive in large part from experience, especially in four domains: (a) behavioral incompetence; (b) deficient cognitive structures, including the special case of communicative incompetence; (c) relative task-extrinsic motivational orientation; (d) negative social ecology, i.e., unproductive person-setting matches. The very experience of being retarded makes one more so. Treatment designed at least to overcome the MA deficit should be focused on these domains.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1985

Work response of mildly mentally retarded adults to self- versus external regulation as a function of motivational orientation.

The Picture Motivation Scale was administered to 144 mildly mentally retarded adults from a community-based intermediate care facility. Those in the top and bottom quartiles on intrinsic motivation were classified as either relatively task intrinsically motivated or task extrinsically motivated and were assigned to behavior regulation conditions: self-regulated reinforcement, externally imposed reinforcement, or control. All subjects were given a work task consisting of placing washers into successive compartments of a container, with subjects in the external-reinforcement condition yoked to those in the self-regulation condition with respect to work goal and number of tokens received for their work. Across conditions intrinsically motivated subjects worked harder than did extrinsically motivated subjects; all of them worked harder under conditions of regulation of reinforcement matched to their motivational orientation (i.e., intrinsically motivated subjects under self-regulation, extrinsically motivated subjects under externally imposed reinforcement) than under the contrary condition. When not rewarded, intrinsically motivated subjects showed more sustained performance than did extrinsically motivated subjects. The importance of matching self-regulation expectations to individual differences in motivational orientation of retarded persons being prepared for relatively independent living was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Exploration and play in retarded and nonretarded preschool children: effects of object complexity and age.

Three-dimensional random polygon objects ranging in complexity between 4 and 40 turns were presented to 12, 30-month-old and 12, 42-month-old moderately retarded and nonretarded children. Time spent in exploration and in play was measured over three successive exposure-time blocks. Exploration time for the combined sample of retarded and nonretarded younger children did not vary with object complexity. The older retarded children explored objects of low complexity more than did either the combined sample of younger children or the older nonretarded children. Nonretarded older children explored complex objects more than did the combined sample of younger children. Exploration time decreased linearly with exposure-time blocks. Play time increased linearly with successive exposure-time blocks and decreased linearly with increasing complexity.

Age Factors↗