Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

H Andersen

Publications and source records attributed to H Andersen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Quantitative measurement of patellofemoral joint stability: force-displacement behavior of the human patella in vitro.

Patellofemoral joint instability is a common clinical problem. However, little quantitative data are available describing the stability characteristics of this joint. We measured the stability of the patella against both lateral and medial displacements across a range of knee flexion angles while the quadriceps were loaded physiologically. For eight fresh-frozen knee specimens a materials testing machine was used to displace the patella 10 mm laterally and 10 mm medially while measuring the required force, with 175 N quadriceps tension. The patella was connected via a ball-bearing patellar mounting 10 mm deep to the anterior surface to allow natural tilt and other rotations. Patellar force-displacement behavior was tested at flexion angles of 0 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees. Significant differences were found between the lateral and medial restraining forces at 10 mm displacement. For lateral displacement, the restraining force was least at 20 degrees of knee flexion (74 N at 10 mm displacement), rising to 125 N at 0 degrees and 90 degrees of knee flexion. The restraining force increased progressively with knee flexion for medial patellar displacement, from 147 N at 0 degrees to 238 N at 90 degrees. With quadriceps tension, the patella was more resistant to medial than lateral displacement. Our finding that lateral patellar displacement occurred at the lowest restraining force when the knee was flexed 20 degrees agrees with clinical experience of patellar instability.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

A proteome study of secreted prostatic factors affecting osteoblastic activity: identification and characterisation of cyclophilin A.

Prostate cancer cells metastasise to bone causing a predominantly osteosclerotic response. It has previously been shown that PC3 cells secrete factors which stimulate the mitogenic activity of human bone marrow stromal (hBMS) cells. Some of these mitogens have been found to be proteins with a molecular weight between 20 and 30 kDa. Even though a number of investigations have been performed to identify the osteoblastic mitogenic factor or factors produced by prostate cancer cells, it is still unknown what causes the mitogenic activation of osteoblasts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterise the protein profile of conditioned medium (CM) from PC3 cells in the molecular weight range of 5-30 kDa using proteome analysis. A protein profile of the CM from PC3 cells was performed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Thirty protein spots with molecular weights ranging from 5 to 30 kDa were analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). One of these spots was identified as cyclophilin A. We examined whether cyclophilin A alone or in combination with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) had any effects on the proliferation or differentiation of hBMS cells. Cyclophilin A at 1, 10, and 100 nM and cyclophilin A at 10 nM combined with 10 ng/ml IGF decreased the proliferation of hBMS cells up to 49+/-30, 38+/-29, 50+/-8 and 60+/-16%, respectively [mean (treated/control)+/-standard error of the means (SEM)] of control. IGF-I did not significantly affect these decreases. Cyclophilin A alone or in combination with IGF-I did not have any effect on differentiation (assessed by measuring the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)). In conclusion, these results suggest cyclophilin A is not involved in the osteosclerotic effects seen when prostate cancer metastasises to bone.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Decreased muscle strength and contents of Mg and Na,K-pumps in chronic alcoholics occur independently of liver cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of established liver cirrhosis on muscle strength and muscle contents of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium, potassium pumps (Na,K-pumps) in chronic alcoholic patients. DESIGN: An open cross-sectional study. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Forty consecutive chronic alcoholics (18 with cirrhosis and 22 without cirrhosis) admitted to the Department of Hepatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, or to a collaborating alcoholism treatment centre, and 36 healthy control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Evaluation of participant's subjective physical ability and measurement of maximum isokinetic muscle strength and muscle mass, as well as measurements of Mg, K and Na,K-pumps in skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Maximum isokinetic muscle strength and muscle mass were equally reduced in patients with and without cirrhosis (P < 0.01 all). In keeping with this, both groups of patients felt equally physically restricted. Muscle Mg was reduced to the same extent in the two groups of patients (by 12 and 9%, P < 0.001, both), whereas the muscle K content was only significantly lower in the cirrhotic patients (10%, P < 0.001). The muscle content of Na,K-pumps was reduced by 14%, (P < 0.01) in the cirrhotic patients and by 8% (P < 0.05) in the noncirrhotic patients. CONCLUSION: Our alcoholic patients complained of physical disability, had reduced skeletal muscle mass, isokinetic muscle strength, content of muscle Mg and content of Na,K-pumps. There was no difference between patients with and without cirrhosis. It appears that it is the heavy alcohol intake, and not the cirrhosis per se, that is responsible for the observed defects.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Muscle strength, Na,K-pumps, magnesium and potassium in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis -- relation to spironolactone.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the muscle strength in relation to muscle contents of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium, potassium (Na,K)-pumps in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. DESIGN: An open cross-sectional study. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Fifty-one consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to the Department of Hepatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Biopsies of skeletal muscle were performed in patients and controls for measurements of Mg, K, and Na,K-pumps. Furthermore, maximum isokinetic knee extension and skeletal muscle mass were evaluated. RESULTS: Muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle Mg and muscle K were substantially reduced in the patients (P < 0.01, all), and fell with increasing severity of the liver disease reflected in the Child-Pugh (C-P) class. Patients treated with spironolactone for 2 weeks or more, had increased muscle strength, muscle Mg and content of Na,K-pumps, compared with the rest of the patients (P < 0.05, all). In a multivariate analysis of the patients, skeletal muscle mass, muscle Mg and daily alcohol consumption (g) were independent predictors of isokinetic muscle strength (P < 0.05, all). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis showed considerably reduced muscle strength and muscle Mg was an independent predictor of muscle strength. Surprisingly, in the spironolactone treated patients, muscle weakness was less pronounced, possibly because of the action of spironolactone on muscle Mg, K and Na,K-pump content.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Zinc potentiates the antiviral action of human IFN-alpha tenfold.

During the last decade, various zinc salts have been used against the common cold syndrome, which is known to be initiated by respiratory viruses, particularly rhinoviruses. Using rhinovirus as the challenge virus, we investigated whether zinc salts (Zn) could potentiate the antiviral action of native human leukocyte interferon (HuIFN-alpha) and rHuIFN-gamma. We found that HuIFN-alpha was potentiated tenfold at rather low levels of IFN activity (0.6-0.8 U/ml), resulting in 100% protection. Zn alone gave only marginal protection, if any. In contrast to HuIFN-alpha, rHuIFN-gamma directly increased the cytopathic effect of rhinovirus at low levels (<2 U/ml) but protected the cells at higher IFN levels (5-20 U/ml). No potentiation was seen with Zn. HuIFN-beta protected against rhinovirus at the same doses as used with HuIFN-alpha, but in contrast to HuIFN-alpha, no potentiation was noted.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2000

Expression of intracellular IFN-gamma in HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells identifies distinct responding subpopulations during the primary response to infection.

Cutaneous infection in the footpads of C57BL/6 mice with HSV-1 results in an accumulation of activated (CD44high CD25+) CD8+ T cells within the draining popliteal lymph node (PLN). These studies were undertaken to evaluate the frequency and phenotype of the CD8+ T cell population within the PLN, recognizing the single immunodominant HSV-1 epitope derived from the viral envelope glycoprotein, glycoprotein B (gB), using an intracellular IFN-gamma-staining assay. It revealed that approximately 6% of the CD8+ T cells were specific for the gB epitope. Phenotypic analysis of the IFN-gamma-producing gB-specific CD8+ T cells generated in the PLN during the course of the acute infection expressed the CD44high CD25+ phenotype on days 3-5 postinfection. Surprisingly, IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells expressed the CD44high CD25- phenotype on days 5-8 postinfection, in contrast to expectations for a CD8+ effector T cell. IFN-gamma-producing CD25- CD8+ T cells were detected in the PLN on day 21 postinfection, long after infectious virus had been cleared. Throughout the response, the spleen was found to be the major reservoir of gB-specific CD8+ T cells, even during the peak of the response. In contrast to the gB-specific CD8+ T cell population within the PLN, the entire gB-specific CD8+ T cell population within the spleen was CD25-. Collectively, these results suggest the generation of subpopulations of virus-specific CD8+ T cells, distinguished by the expression of CD25, during the acute phase of the primary response to a localized viral infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Post-exercise facilitation of compound muscle action potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy subjects.

Post-exercise facilitation (PEF) of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) was studied by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 15 healthy subjects following standardized and controlled isometric contraction of the biceps brachii muscle. PEF was highly dependent on the time delay (TD) from muscle relaxation to delivery of the magnetic stimulus and only to a minor degree on the duration of the maintained muscular contraction of 2, 4, and 6 s. In addition, PEF was unaffected by the contraction levels of 25%, 50%, and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). There was a linear relationship between the log amplitude of the post-exercise MEPs and the TD. The time point at which PEF had vanished was calculated to be 15.2 s. In order to challenge the question whether segmental and/or suprasegmental mechanisms are primarily responsible for PEF, MEPs and H-reflexes were recorded from the soleus muscle following a sustained plantar flexion at the ankle joint in three healthy subjects. PEF of MEPs was present at a TD of 1000 ms following a sustained contraction of 6 s at a level of 50% of MVC. It was accompanied by a pronounced decrease in the soleus H-reflex amplitude at a TD of 1000 ms.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

Hypovitaminosis D myopathy without biochemical signs of osteomalacic bone involvement.

The aims of this study were to investigate myopathy in relation to vitamin D status, and to study the muscular effects of vitamin D treatment on vitamin D-deficient individuals. Further, hypovitaminosis D myopathy was investigated in relation to alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the most commonly used marker for hypovitaminosis D osteopathy. Eight patients with osteomalacia had an isokinetic dynamometer test of all major muscle groups before and after 3 months of vitamin D treatment. The most pronounced improvements in muscle power were seen in the weight-bearing antigravity muscles of the lower limbs. A cross-sectional study was performed among 55 vitamin D-deficient veiled Arab women living in Denmark and 22 Danish controls. An isometric dynamometer model was used for determination of quadriceps muscle power. Both maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and electrically stimulated values (single twitch, maximal production rate (MPR), and maximal relaxation rate (MRR)) were determined. The women underwent high-dose vitamin D treatment and were retested after 3 and 6 months. Prior to vitamin D treatment all parameters of muscle function in the group of vitamin D-deficient Arab women were significantly reduced compared with Danish controls. MVC: 259.4 +/- 11.0 N (Newton) versus 392.6 +/- 11. 4 N (P < 10(-6)), single twitch: 47.0 +/- 1.8 N versus 74.6 +/- 2.2 N (P < 10(-5)), MPR 8.9 +/- 0.3 N/10 ms versus 14.3 +/- 0.4 N/10 ms (P < 10(-6)), MRR 4.5 +/- 0.2 N/10 ms versus 6.2 +/- 0.2 N/10 ms (P < 10(-6)). Muscle function was affected to a similar degree in women with and without bone involvement (as indicated by elevated ALP). After 3 months of vitamin D treatment all muscle-related parameters improved significantly. After 6 months only MVC was reduced compared with Danish controls (320.7 +/- 14.3 N (P < 0.02)), whereas all other measurements were normalized. Hypovitaminosis D myopathy is a prominent symptom of vitamin D deficiency, and severely impaired muscle function may be present even before biochemical signs of bone disease develop. Full normalization of hypovitaminosis D myopathy demands high-dose vitamin D treatment for 6 months or more. Our findings indicate that serum levels of ALP cannot be used in the screening for hypovitaminosis D myopathy. Assessment of s-25OHD is the only reliable test.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2000

The effect of bladder outlet obstruction on tissue oxygen tension and blood flow in the pig bladder.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction on detrusor blood flow and oxygen tension (PdetO2) in female pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Detrusor-layer oxygen tension and blood flow were measured using oxygen-sensitive electrode and radiolabelled microsphere techniques in five female Large White pigs with a partial urethral obstruction and in five sham-operated controls. The effects of chronic outlet obstruction on bladder weight, and cholinergic nerve density and distribution, are also described. RESULTS: In the obstructed bladders, blood flow and oxygen tension were, respectively, 54.9% and 74.3% of control values at low bladder volume, and 47.5% and 42.5% at cystometric capacity. Detrusor blood flow declined by 27.8% and 37.5% in the control and obstructed bladders, respectively, as a result of bladder filling, whilst PdetO2 did not decrease in the controls, but fell by 42.7% in the obstructed bladders. Bladder weight increased whilst cholinergic nerve density decreased in the obstructed animals. CONCLUSION: In pigs with chronic bladder outlet obstruction, blood flow and oxygen tension in the detrusor layer were lower than in control animals. In addition, increasing detrusor pressure during filling caused significantly greater decreases in blood flow and oxygen tension in the obstructed than in the control bladders.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of ischemia and cooling on the response to high frequency stimulation in rat tail nerves.

In normal rat tail nerves the effect of temperature and ischemia on the response to long-term high frequency stimulation (HFS) (143 Hz) was studied. The effect of temperature was studied in two consecutive tests at 14 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Prior to the HFS the peak-to-peak amplitude (PP-amp) of the compound nerve action potential was 139 +/- 20 microV (mean +/- SD) and 127 +/- 37 microV at 35 degrees C and 14 degrees C, respectively (NS). After 15 min of HFS the PP-amp was reduced to 45.3 +/- 20.5% of baseline level at 14 degrees C as compared with 80.8 +/- 10.2% at 35 degrees C (p < 0.001). Applying ischemia to the rat tail, an additional fall of the PP-amp was seen after 15-20 min of HFS at both low (20 Hz) and high (143 Hz) stimulation frequencies. In conclusion, ischemia and cooling result in an impaired ability to transmit high frequency impulses.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1999

Protease-activated receptor 1 is the primary mediator of thrombin-stimulated platelet procoagulant activity.

The activation of human platelets by thrombin is mediated primarily by protease-activated receptors (PARs). PAR1 and PAR4 are present on human platelets and are activated by the hexapeptides SFLLRN and GYPGQV, respectively. To further characterize the involvement of PAR1 and PAR4 in platelet activation, the ability of SFLLRN or GYPGQV to generate annexin V binding to newly exposed phospholipids on the platelet surface and generate procoagulant activity has been examined. Exposure of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine on platelets, as determined by an increase in annexin V binding, was strongly stimulated by SFLLRN, thrombin, and collagen, but only to a minor extent by GYPGQV. In a clotting assay initiated with factor VIIa, soluble tissue factor, and calcium, the clotting time in the absence of platelets was >5 min. In the presence of unstimulated platelets, the clotting time was 200 +/- 20 sec. In the presence of platelets activated with SFLLRN or collagen, the clotting time decreased to 100 +/- 10 sec. This shortening of the clotting time is equivalent to about a 5-fold increase in coagulant activity when stimulated platelets are compared with unstimulated platelets and activated platelets are used as a reference. These results indicate that thrombin initiates a very strong response in platelets through PAR1, leading to exposure of anionic phospholipids that support blood clotting. The response mediated by PAR4, however, was limited to platelet aggregation and similar to that triggered in platelets by weaker agonists such as ADP or epinephrine.

Annexin A5↗
PubMed1999

Multivariate statistical analysis of organ weights in toxicity studies.

Toxicity studies with drugs in animals are performed to establish the toxicity profile including the no-toxic-effect-level in the animals. One of the responses used in the search for effects is organ weight. Since organ weight is related to body weight of the animal, the analysis of organ weight has to be adjusted. A traditional analysis of covariance with body weight as covariate is not always appropriate since the body weight itself can be affected by the test compound. Hence, a multivariate analysis of variance is suggested, where the correlation between organ weight and body weight is taken into account in testing an overall treatment effect. Two dimensional plots of the contour curves are used to visualize the treatment effect on organ weight and body weight simultaneously. The test procedure suggested for comparing differences between control and treated groups of animals is: start by testing hypotheses of equality of covariance matrices for the different treatment groups and then, depending on the results from the first test, test equality of the mean vectors.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Single leukapheresis products collected from healthy donors after the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor contain ten-fold higher numbers of long-term reconstituting hematopoietic progenitor cells than conventional bone marrow allografts.

Cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) have been used successfully for hematopoietic reconstitution following allogeneic transplantation. The ease of harvest, the faster engraftment and the high yield of CD34+ cells have made this source of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) an attractive alternative to bone marrow (BM). In the present study we compared the engraftment potential of conventional BM allografts and single leukapheresis products (LPs) collected from healthy donors following the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). For this, lineage-committed and primitive HPCs were assessed by flow cytometry and by colony- and cobblestone area-forming cell (CFC, CAFC) assays. Mean numbers of CD34+ cells in LPs (n = 11) were similar to that of BM grafts (n = 12) (278+/-57 vs 227+/-34 x 10(6) CD34+ cells). The frequencies of CFCs, week 5 CAFCs and week 8 CAFCs were 1.6-, 8.4- and 10.3-fold higher in the CD34+ compartment of mobilized blood than that of marrow, resulting in significantly higher yields of clonogenic HPCs in LPs when compared to BM grafts. We conclude that G-CSF preferentially mobilizes clonogenic progenitors capable of short- and, in particular, longterm reconstitution, and that the engraftment potential of single LPs is superior to that of BM allografts. Hence, the use of PBPCs may be favorable for protocols that include graft manipulations with expected cell loss (eg T cell depletion, CD34+ selection). PBPCs may also be advantageous for gene therapy trials due to their high numbers of potential target cells (eg CAFCs).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Selective loss of progenitor subsets following clinical CD34+ cell enrichment by magnetic field, magnetic beads or chromatography separation.

In this preclinical evaluation we have compared the efficacy of three clinical CD34+enrichment procedures with respect to purity, yield and recovery, as well as risk of selective loss of CD34+ lineage-specific subsets. The three devices work by different principles and have several different manipulation steps: The magnetic field separator uses paramagnetic iron-dextran particles; the magnetic microbead selection is based on the advantage of a large surface area for immobilisation of the monoclonal antibody within a very small volume; the original immunoabsorption technique is based on the use of biotinylated antibody applied to a column of avidin-coated sephadex beads. The results of this evaluation gave a median purity 96% (88-98%), 86% (62-97%), and 49% (18-85%), and median yield of 65% (54-100%), 40% (21-74%), and 30% (8-55%), respectively. Subset analysis recognised a selective loss of CD34+/61+ after enrichment, most likely due to class I-II antibodies used for the enrichment step or, alternatively, nonspecific binding of megakaryocytic progenitors. Tumour cell spiking experiments on a clinical scale documented an expected 2-4 log reduction resulting in a number of potentially malignant cells in the CD34 enriched product. Our data support four major conclusions: First, that magnetic field separation is superior to magnetic beads and chromatography selection, mainly due to the risk of cell loss and insufficient recovery with the two latter methods. Second, that late differentiated progenitors with CD34 class III epitopes present are lost during the enrichment procedures. The third major conclusion is that chromatography selection results in a selective loss of CD34bright cells, which are most likely uncommitted early progenitors. This was an unexpected finding which may be a consequence of an imbalance between the strong forces between biotin-avidin and insufficient physical manipulation for CD34+ cell release. Finally, the data document that CD34 selection alone is an inappropriate way to eliminate tumour cells due to the uncontrolled variables and the inconsistent outcome. The only products which can be expected to be purged free of tumour cells are the ones with very minimal (<10-5) contamination in the starting products, ie products documented tumour free with the most sensitive techniques for quantitation. If this is not the case, the optimal purging strategy may be a two-step procedure including CD34 selection and subsequent depletion of the tumour cells in question.

Antigens, CD34↗
PubMed1999

Circulating clonal cells in multiple myeloma do not express CD34 mRNA, as measured by single-cell and real-time RT-PCR assays.

The peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have been reported to include CD34-expressing cells that are clonally related to the myeloma cells. To determine whether there were elevated levels of CD34 mRNA or whether CD34+ cells in the PB include myeloma-related cells, we developed a quantitative real-time and a competitive CD34 RT-PCR assay working on single flow-sorted cells. Myeloma-specific cells were detected with allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASO) IgH PCR. PBSC products and mononuclear cell fractions in blood from normal donors, untreated and treated myeloma patients were analysed. When measured by flow cytometry, the numbers of CD34+/CD19+ cells were consistently < 0.1% of the mononuclear cells. In addition, no significant difference was found in the levels of CD34 mRNA between normal subjects and untreated MM patients (P = 0.935). In the treated group of MM patients the CD34 mRNA levels were significantly reduced (P = 0.052) because of the stem cell toxicity of melphalan. Further, no cells clonally related to the MM clone were found within the CD34 compartment, defined by a sort-gate that included all cells expressing CD34 mRNA, as no cells outside the used CD34 sort-gate had a detectable level of CD34 mRNA. We conclude that in myeloma patients, the myeloma clone is not found within the CD34 compartment.

Antigens, CD34↗
PubMed1999

Motor function in diabetic neuropathy.

In contrast to sensory and autonomic disturbances motor function has seldomly been studied in diabetic neuropathy. Recently quantitative studies of long-term type 1 diabetic patients have shown that the strength of the ankle and knee extensors and flexors are moderately impaired. The weakness is closely related to the severity of neuropathy. Applying quantitative electromyography the degree of reinnervation is related to the muscle strength in diabetic patients suggesting the reinnervation to be insufficient. Magnetic resonance imaging of the distal part of the leg has revealed substantial muscular atrophy closely related to the degree of muscle weakness. The present findings indicate that diabetic neuropathy often is a mixed sensory-motor neuropathy.

Diabetic Neuropathies↗
PubMed1999

A comparative study of CD34+ cells, CD34+ subsets, colony forming cells and cobblestone area forming cells in cord blood and bone marrow allografts.

Cord blood (CB) has become an alternative source of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for allogeneic transplantation. We have developed a new efficient protocol for CB collection. Using this method an average of 17.7 x 10(8) [range (6.8-29.6) x 10(8), n = 13] total nucleated cells (TNCs) were harvested. Based on recent Eurocord data, which have shown safe engraftment using a threshold dose of 0.37 x 10(8) CB TNCs/kg body weight (BW), we calculated that six out of thirteen CB grafts collected by this method were sufficient to engraft adults. The CB derived CD34+ population contained two-fold higher numbers of committed HPCs (CFU-GM, BFU-E) and six-fold higher numbers of pluripotent HPCs [CD34+/CD38- cells, wk 5 and wk 8 cobblestone area forming cells (CAFCs)] than the CD34+ population of BM. Extrapolation revealed that BM grafts providing the threshold dose for allogeneic transplantation of 2 x 10(8) TNCs/kg BW contained nearly 3 times more pluripotent HPCs than CB grafts providing the Eurocord threshold dose. The assessment of CD34+/CD38(-) cell numbers in CB grafts was highly reproducible and correlated well with the in vitro performance of pluripotent HPCs, i.e. numbers of CAFCs. We conclude that CB grafts providing high numbers of TNCs have the potential to engraft adults and that the enumeration of pluripotent HPCs by flow cytometry may be a useful tool to define the ultimate threshold dose for CB transplantation.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗