Biomedical subjects

Gareth R Barnes

Publications and source records attributed to Gareth R Barnes.

23 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Statistical flattening of MEG beamformer images.

We propose a method of correction for multiple comparisons in MEG beamformer based Statistical Parametric Maps (SPMs). We introduce a modification to the minimum-variance beamformer, in which beamformer weights and SPMs of source-power change are computed in distinct steps. This approach allows the calculation of image smoothness based on the computed weights alone. In the first instance we estimate image smoothness by looking at local spatial correlations in residual images generated using random data; we then go on to show how the smoothness of the SPM can be obtained analytically by measuring the correlations between the adjacent weight vectors. In simulations we show that the smoothness of the SPM is highly inhomogeneous and depends on the source strength. We show that, for the minimum variance beamformer, knowledge of image smoothness is sufficient to allow for correction of the multiple comparison problem. Per-voxel threshold estimates, based on the voxels extent (or cluster size) in flattened space, provide accurate corrected false positive error rates for these highly inhomogeneously smooth images.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

Accuracy and applications of group MEG studies using cortical source locations estimated from participants' scalp surfaces.

We contend that powerful group studies can be conducted using magnetoencephalography (MEG), which can provide useful insights into the approximate distribution of the neural activity detected with MEG without requiring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for each participant. Instead, a participant's MRI is approximated with one chosen as a best match on the basis of the scalp surface from a database of available MRIs. Because large inter-individual variability in sulcal and gyral patterns is an inherent source of blurring in studies using grouped functional activity, the additional error introduced by this approximation procedure has little effect on the group results, and offers a sufficiently close approximation to that of the participants to yield a good indication of the true distribution of the grouped neural activity. T1-weighted MRIs of 28 adults were acquired in a variety of MR systems. An artificial functional image was prepared for each person in which eight 5 x 5 x 5 mm regions of brain activation were simulated. Spatial normalisation was applied to each image using transformations calculated using SPM99 with (1) the participant's actual MRI, and (2) the best matched MRI substituted from those of the other 27 participants. The distribution of distances between the locations of points using real and substituted MRIs had a modal value of 6 mm with 90% of cases falling below 12.5 mm. The effects of this approach on real grouped SAM source imaging of MEG data in a verbal fluency task are also shown. The distribution of MEG activity in the estimated average response is very similar to that produced when using the real MRIs.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The use of anatomical constraints with MEG beamformers.

Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry (SAM) is a beamformer approach for the localisation of neuronal activity from EEG/MEG data. SAM estimates the optimum orientation of each source in a predefined source space by a nonlinear search for the orientation that maximises the beamformer output. However, MEG is most sensitive to cortical sources and these sources are generally oriented perpendicular to the surface. The reconstructed neuronal activity can therefore reasonably be constrained to the cortical surface, orientated perpendicular to it, therefore removing the search for the optimum orientation for the computation of the beamformer weights. This paper sets out to compare the performance of a constrained and unconstrained beamformer (SAM), with respect to the localisation accuracy of the source reconstructions and the spatial resolution. Fifty sources were randomly placed on a cortical surface estimated from an MRI, and we simulated data over a range of different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for each source. These datasets were analysed using both an unconstrained beamformer (SAM) and a constrained beamformer (with the sources orientated perpendicular to the cortical surface). The influence of errors in the estimation of the surface location and surface normals on the performance of the constrained beamformer, representing MEG/MRI coregistration and segmentation errors, were also examined. The spatial resolution of the beamformer improves, typically by a factor of four by applying anatomical constraints, and the localisation accuracy improves marginally. However, the advantage in spatial resolution disappears when errors are introduced into the orientation and location constraints, and, moreover, the localisation accuracy of the inaccurately constrained beamformer degrades rapidly. We conclude that the use of anatomical constraints is only advantageous if the MEG/MRI coregistration error is smaller than 2 mm and the error in the estimation of the cortical surface orientation is smaller than 10 degrees.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

Group imaging of task-related changes in cortical synchronisation using nonparametric permutation testing.

Synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) is a nonlinear beamformer technique for producing 3D images of cortical activity from magnetoencephalography data. We have previously shown how SAM images can be spatially normalised and averaged to form a group image. In this paper we show how nonparametric permutation methods can be used to make robust statistical inference about group SAM data. Data from a biological motion direction discrimination experiment were analysed using both a nonparametric analysis toolbox (SnPM) and a conventional parametric approach utilising Gaussian field theory. In data from a group of six subjects, we were able to show robust group activation at the P < 0.05 (corrected) level using the nonparametric methods, while no significant clusters were found using the conventional parametric approach. Activation was found using SnPM in several regions of right occipital-temporal cortex, including the superior temporal sulcus, V5/MT, the fusiform gyrus, and the lateral occipital complex.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Task-related changes in cortical synchronization are spatially coincident with the hemodynamic response.

Using group functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and group Magnetoencephalography (MEG) we studied two cognitive paradigms: A language task involving covert letter fluency and a visual task involving biological motion direction discrimination. The MEG data were analyzed using an adaptive beam-former technique known as Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry (SAM), which provides continuous 3-D images of cortical power changes. These images were spatially normalized and averaged across subjects to provide a group SAM image in the same template space as the group fMRI data. The results show that frequency-specific, task-related changes in cortical synchronization, detected using MEG, match those areas of the brain showing an evoked cortical hemodynamic response with fMRI. The majority of these changes were event-related desynchronizations (ERDs) in the 5-10 Hz and 15-25 Hz frequency ranges. Our study demonstrates how SAM, spatial normalization, and intersubject averaging enable group MEG studies to be performed. SAM analysis also allows the MEG experiment to have exactly the same task design as the corresponding fMRI experiment. This new analysis framework represents an important advance in the use of MEG as a cognitive neuroimaging technique and also allows mutual cross-validation with fMRI.

Adult↗