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G Yang

Publications and source records attributed to G Yang.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Genetic diversity of Chinese native chicken breeds based on protein polymorphism, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and microsatellite polymorphism.

Genetic diversity of Chinese native chicken breeds was investigated using protein polymorphism, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and microsatellite polymorphism. Imported broiler and layer breeds were also included in the analysis. The results from protein polymorphism did not show distinct differences between Chinese native chicken and imported broilers; however, there were small significant differences between these two types of chickens. The results from RAPD indicated that gene diversity within a population was large in Chinese native chickens, intermediate in broilers, and low in layers and that there were small differences between Chinese native chickens and both broilers and layers. A great difference between broilers and layers was observed. Microsatellite polymorphism data showed that genetic diversity was high in the Chinese native chickens and low in layers and that there was a close relationship between Chinese native chickens and broiler but a remote relationship between Chinese native chickens and layers. The wide genetic diversity of Chinese native breeds can meet different requirements of breeding for chicken quality in China.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Resuspension of DNA sequencing reaction products in agarose increases sequence quality on an automated sequencer.

We are investigating approaches to increase DNA sequencing quality. Since a majorfactor in sequence generation is the cost of reagents and sample preparations, we have developed and optimized methods to sequence directly plasmid DNA isolated from alkaline lysis preparations. These methods remove the costly PCR and post-sequencing purification steps but can result in low sequence quality when using standard resuspension protocols on some sequencing platforms. This work outlines a simple, robust, and inexpensive resuspension protocol for DNA sequencing to correct this shortcoming. Resuspending the sequenced products in agarose before electrophoresis results in a substantial and reproducible increase in sequence quality and read length over resuspension in deionized water and has allowed us to use the aforementioned sample preparation methods to cut considerably the overall sequencing costs without sacrificing sequence quality. We demonstrate that resuspension of unpurified sequence products generated from template DNA isolated by a modified alkaline lysis technique in low concentrations of agarose yields a 384% improvement in sequence quality compared to resuspension in deionized water. Utilizing this protocol, we have produced more than 74,000 high-quality, long-read-length sequences from plasmid DNA template on the MegaBACET 1000 platform.

Cell Fractionation↗
PubMed2001

Histidine 90 function in 4-chlorobenzoyl-coenzyme a dehalogenase catalysis.

4-chlorobenzoyl-coenzyme A (4-CBA-CoA) dehalogenase catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of 4-CBA-CoA by attack of Asp145 on the C4 of the substrate benzoyl ring to form a Meisenheimer intermediate (EMc), followed by expulsion of chloride ion to form an arylated enzyme intermediate (EAr) and, finally, ester hydrolysis in EAr to form 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA (4-HBA-CoA). This study examines the contribution of the active site His90 to catalysis of this reaction pathway. The His90 residue was replaced with glutamine by site-directed mutagenesis. X-ray crystallographic analysis of H90Q dehalogenase complexed with 4-HBA-CoA revealed that the positions of the catalytic groups are unchanged from those observed in the structure of the 4-HBA-CoA-wild-type dehalogenase complex. The one exception is the Gln90 side chain, which is rotated away from the position of the His90 side chain. The vacated His90 site is occupied by two water molecules. Kinetic techniques were used to evaluate ligand binding and catalytic turnover rates in the wild-type and H90Q mutant dehalogenases. The rate constants for 4-CBA-CoA (both 7 microM(-1) x s(-1)) and 4-HBA-CoA (33 and 11 microM(-1) x s(-1)) binding to the two dehalogenases are similar in value. For wild-type dehalogenase, the rate constant for a single turnover is 2.3 s(-1) while that for multiple turnovers is 0.7 s(-1). For H90Q dehalogenase, these rate constants are 1.6 x 10(-2) and 2 x 10(-4) s(-1). The rate constants for EMc formation in wild-type and mutant dehalogenase are approximately 200 s(-1) while the rate constants for EAr formation are 40 and 0.3 s(-1), respectively. The rate constant for hydrolysis of EAr in wild-type dehalogenase is 20 s(-1) and in the H90Q mutant, 0.13 s(-1). The 133-fold reduction in the rate of EAr formation in the mutant may be the result of active site hydration, while the 154-fold reduction in the rate EAr hydrolysis may be the result of lost general base catalysis. Substitution of the His90 with Gln also introduces a rate-limiting step which follows catalysis, and may involve renewing the catalytic site through a slow conformational change.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2001

Prostate-specific antigen response and systemic T cell activation after in situ gene therapy in prostate cancer patients failing radiotherapy.

In an extended phase I/II study we evaluated 36 prostate cancer patients with local recurrence after radiotherapy who received single or repeated cycles of replication-deficient adenoviral vector (ADV)-mediated herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) plus ganciclovir (GCV) in situ gene therapy with respect to serum PSA levels, alterations in immune cells, and numbers of apoptotic cells in needle biopsies. An initial cycle of HSV-tk plus GCV gene therapy caused a significant prolongation of the mean serum PSA-doubling time (PSADT) from 15.9 to 42.5 months (p = 0.0271) and in 28 of the injected patients (77.8%) there was a mean PSA reduction (PSAR) of 28%. It took a mean of 8.5 months for the PSA to return to the initial PSA (TR-PSA) value. A repeated cycle of gene therapy failed to significantly extend PSADT but did result in significant increases in PSAR (29.4%) and TR-PSA (10.5 months). Moderately increased serum adenovirus antibody titers were generally observed 2 weeks after initial vector injection. Also at this time there was a statistically significant increase in the mean percent of CD8(+) T cells positive for the HLA-DR marker of activation in peripheral blood (p = 0.0088). Studies using prostate biopsies obtained at the same time point demonstrated that vector DNA was detectable by PCR in most samples yet all patients remained positive for prostate cancer in at least one biopsy core. Further analysis demonstrated a correlation between the level of CD8(+) cells and the number of apoptotic cells in biopsies containing cancer cells (p = 0.042). We conclude that repeated cycles of in situ HSV-tk plus GCV gene therapy can be administered to prostate cancer patients who failed radiotherapy and have a localized recurrence. Biological responses to this experimental therapy including increases in PSADT, PSAR, and TR-PSA, and activated CD8(+) T cells present in the peripheral blood, were demonstrated. Interestingly, the density of CD8(+) cells in posttreatment biopsies correlated with the number of apoptotic cells.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2001

The discovery of sulfonylated dipeptides as potent VLA-4 antagonists.

Directed screening of a carboxylic acid-containing combinatorial library led to the discovery of potent inhibitors of the integrin VLA-4. Subsequent optimization by solid-phase synthesis afforded a series of sulfonylated dipeptide inhibitors with structural components that when combined in a single hybrid molecule gave a sub-nanomolar inhibitor as a lead for medicinal chemistry. Preliminary metabolic studies led to the discovery of substituted biphenyl derivatives with low picomolar activities. SAR and pharmacokinetic characterization of this series are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Photochemically enhanced binding of small molecules to the tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 inhibits the binding of TNF-alpha.

The binding of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) to the type-1 TNF receptor (TNFRc1) plays an important role in inflammation. Despite the clinical success of biologics (antibodies, soluble receptors) for treating TNF-based autoimmune conditions, no potent small molecule antagonists have been developed. Our screening of chemical libraries revealed that N-alkyl 5-arylidene-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones were antagonists of this protein-protein interaction. After chemical optimization, we discovered IW927, which potently disrupted the binding of TNF-alpha to TNFRc1 (IC(50) = 50 nM) and also blocked TNF-stimulated phosphorylation of Ikappa-B in Ramos cells (IC(50) = 600 nM). This compound did not bind detectably to the related cytokine receptors TNFRc2 or CD40, and did not display any cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 100 microM. Detailed evaluation of this and related molecules revealed that compounds in this class are "photochemically enhanced" inhibitors, in that they bind reversibly to the TNFRc1 with weak affinity (ca. 40-100 microM) and then covalently modify the receptor via a photochemical reaction. We obtained a crystal structure of IV703 (a close analog of IW927) bound to the TNFRc1. This structure clearly revealed that one of the aromatic rings of the inhibitor was covalently linked to the receptor through the main-chain nitrogen of Ala-62, a residue that has already been implicated in the binding of TNF-alpha to the TNFRc1. When combined with the fact that our inhibitors are reversible binders in light-excluded conditions, the results of the crystallography provide the basis for the rational design of nonphotoreactive inhibitors of the TNF-alpha-TNFRc1 interaction.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2001

The murine cysteinyl leukotriene 2 (CysLT2) receptor. cDNA and genomic cloning, alternative splicing, and in vitro characterization.

Two classes of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2), have been identified and pharmacologically characterized in human tissues. Although the CysLT(1) receptor mediates the proinflammatory effects of leukotrienes in human asthma, the physiological roles of CysLT(2) receptor are not defined, and a suitable mouse model would be useful in delineating function. We report here the molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse CysLT(2) receptor (mCysLT(2)R) from heart tissue. mCysLT(2)R cDNA encodes a protein of 309 amino acids, truncated at both ends compared with the human ortholog (hCysLT(2)R). The gene resides on the central region of mouse chromosome 14 and is composed of 6 exons with the entire coding region located in the last exon. Two 5'-untranslated region splice variants were identified with the short form lacking exon 3 as the predominant transcript. Although the overall expression of mCysLT(2)R is very low, the highest expression was detected in spleen, thymus, and adrenal gland by ribonuclease protection assay, and discrete sites of expression in heart were observed by in situ hybridization. Intracellular calcium mobilization in response to cysteinyl leukotriene administration was detected in human embryonic kidney 293T cells transfected with recombinant mCysLT(2)R with a rank order of potency leukotriene C(4)(LTC(4) ) = LTD(4)>>LTE(4). [(3)H]LTD(4) binding to membranes expressing mCysLT(2)R could be effectively competed by LTC(4) and LTD(4) and only partially inhibited by LTE(4) and BAYu9773. The identification of mCysLT(2)R will be useful for establishing CysLT(2)R-deficient mice and determining novel leukotriene functions.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2001

Effect of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Mg2+ ions on chromatin structure revealed by scanning force microscopy.

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins is responsible for major changes in the high-order chromatin structure. The effects of this post-translation modification on nuclear architecture were examined at different Mg2+ concentrations using scanning force microscopy. A quantitative analysis of the internucleosomal distance, the width, and the volume of chromatin fibers imaged in tapping mode reveals that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation induces a complete relaxation and decondensation of the chromatin structure. Our data, on the center-to-center distance between adjacent nucleosomes and on the fiber width, indicate that the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated fibers remain significantly decondensed even in the presence of Mg2+. Our results also show that the Mg2+ assumes an important role in the folding of chromatin structure, but Mg2+ is not able to restore the native feature of chromatin, when the fibers are depleted of H1/H5 histones. The combined effect of post-translation modification and cation ions on the chromatin structure shows that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation could promote accessibility to DNA even in those nuclear processes that require Mg2+.

Chromatin↗
PubMed2001

Steady-state kinetic characterization of substrates and metal-ion specificities of the full-length and N-terminally truncated recombinant human methionine aminopeptidases (type 2).

The steady-state kinetics of a full-length and truncated form of the type 2 human methionine aminopeptidase (hMetAP2) were analyzed by continuous monitoring of the amide bond cleavage of various peptide substrates and methionyl analogues of 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) and p-nitroaniline (pNA), utilizing new fluorescence-based and absorbance-based assay substrates and a novel coupled-enzyme assay method. The most efficient substrates for hMetAP2 appeared to be peptides of three or more amino acids for which the values of k(cat)/K(m) were approximately 5 x 10(5) M(-1) min(-1). It was found that while the nature of the P1' residue of peptide substrates dictates the substrate specificity in the active site of hMetAP2, the P2' residue appears to play a key role in the kinetics of peptidolysis. The catalytic efficiency of dipeptide substrates was found to be at least 250-fold lower than those of the tripeptides. This substantially diminished catalytic efficiency of hMetAP2 observed with the alternative substrates MetAMC and MetpNA is almost entirely due to the reduction in the turnover rate (k(cat)), suggesting that cleavage of the amide bond is at least partially rate-limiting. The 107 N-terminal residues of hMetAP2 were not required for either the peptidolytic activity of the enzyme or its stability. Steady-state kinetic comparison and thermodynamic analyses of an N-terminally truncated form and full-length enzyme yielded essentially identical kinetic behavior and physical properties. Addition of exogenous Co(II) cation was found to significantly activate the full-length hMetAP2, while Zn(II) cation, on the other hand, was unable to activate hMetAP2 under any concentration that was tested.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2001

Solubilization of NSC-639829.

Solubilization using pH combined with cosolvents, surfactants, and complexants are investigated for NSC-639829, an investigational anti-tumor agent. The intrinsic solubility of the drug is approximately 30 ng/ml and it has an ionizable dimethyl aniline group with an approximate base pK(a) of 5. Samples buffered at pH 1.0, 2.0, and 7.0 with various concentrations of the solubilizing agents were used to study the solubilization of NSC-629829 when present as charged and uncharged species. The solubilization of NSC-639829 was found to be much more effective when the drug was present primarily in ionized form. At pH values 1.0 and 2.0 where the surfactant (SLS) and complexant (SBEbetaCD) carried a negative charge enhanced solubilities of more than a million-fold were observed for the drug.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2001

Diverse roles of conserved asparagine-linked glycan sites on tyrosinase family glycoproteins.

The tyrosinase family of genes has been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. The role of conserved N-glycan sites in sorting, stability, and activity of tyrosinase family proteins was investigated using two family members from two different species, mouse gp75/tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1/Tyrp1 and human tyrosinase. Potential N-linked glycosylation sites on the lumenal domains of mouse gp75/TRP-1/Tyrp1 and human tyrosinase were eliminated by site-directed mutagenesis (Asn to Gln substitutions). Our results show that selected conserved N-glycan sites on tyrosinase family members are crucial for stability in the secretory pathway and endocytic compartment and for enzymatic activity. Different glycan sites on the same tyrosinase family polypeptide can perform distinct functions, and conserved sites on tyrosinase family paralogues can perform different functions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

A novel strategy for organ allografts using sublethal (7 Gy) irradiation followed by injection of donor bone marrow cells via portal vein.

A new strategy for organ allografts that does not require recourse to immunosuppressants is established in mice. The strategy includes sublethal (7 Gy) irradiation followed by the injection of donor bone marrow cells (BMCs) via the portal vein (P.V.) and organ allografts 1 day after irradiation. Irradiation doses (< or =7 Gy) are found to allow the recipients to survive without the need to reconstitute the BMCs, as the recipient hematolymphoid cells can gradually recover. One hundred percent of recipients irradiated with 7 Gy followed by either P.V. or i.v. injection of donor BMCs accept organ allografts (the skin, pancreas, and adrenal glands) for more than 1 year. However, organ allograft survival rates decrease when irradiation doses are reduced; the skin graft survival rate of mice treated with 6.5 Gy and P.V. injection of BMCs is 79%, whereas that of mice treated with 6.5 Gy and i.v. injection is 50%, indicating that the P.V. injection of BMCs induces persistent tolerance more effectively than the i.v. injection. H-2 typing reveals that almost all the hematolymphoid cells (>98%) in the peripheral blood and hematolymphoid organs are donor-derived even 1 year after the treatment (7 Gy and P.V.). The T cells are tolerant to both donor-type and host-type MHC determinants. The major mechanism underlying the persistent tolerance induced by this strategy seems to be because of clonal deletion. This simple and safe strategy would be of great advantage for human organ transplantation.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2001

Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pulmonary spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions: a study of 61 cases.

BACKGROUND: Spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions of the lung encompass a wide variety of benign and malignant conditions. However, to the authors' knowledge, because of their rarity, few reports concerning their cytologic findings are available in the literature. The current review emphasizes the cytomorphologic features, differential diagnosis, and potential pitfalls associated with these lesions. METHODS: Seven hundred seventy-nine percutaneous lung fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens were retrieved from the authors' cytopathology files over a period of 5 years. Sixty-one cases (7.8%) in which a spindle cell component was the dominant or key feature were identified. The authors reviewed the cytologic smears, immunocytochemical studies, and corresponding surgical material and clinical information. RESULTS: Of these 61 aspirates, 33 (54%) were reactive processes (31 granulomas, 1 organizing pneumonia, and 1 inflammatory pseudotumor). Five cases (0.8%) were benign neoplasms (2 hamartomas, 2 solitary fibrous tumors, and 1 schwannoma). Twenty-three cases (38%) were malignant neoplasms (8 cases were primary tumors [including 5 carcinomas with spindle cell or sarcomatoid features, 1 spindle cell carcinoid tumor, 1 leiomyosarcoma, and 1 synovial sarcoma] and 15 cases were secondary tumors [including 9 melanomas, 2 leiomyosarcomas, 1 malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 1 meningioma, 1 sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma, and 1 uterine malignant mixed müllerian tumor]). A specific diagnosis was rendered in 52 cases (85%). No false-positive cases were encountered but there was one false-negative case. One patient who was diagnosed with granulomatous inflammation on FNA was found to have nonsmall cell lung carcinoma on subsequent transbronchial biopsy. No malignant cells were identified in the smears on review. The FNA from the organizing pneumonia was interpreted as a solitary fibrous tumor whereas the inflammatory pseudotumor was diagnosed as granulomatous inflammation. The FNA from one pulmonary hamartoma initially was considered to be nondiagnostic. One solitary fibrous tumor and the schwannoma were diagnosed as smooth muscle tumor and spindle cell tumor, not otherwise specified, respectively. Among the malignant tumors, the primary synovial sarcoma and one of the metastatic malignant melanomas initially were interpreted as primitive neuroectodermal tumor/Ewing sarcoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Spindle cell lesions of the lung rarely are encountered on transthoracic lung FNA and are comprised of a wide variety of benign and malignant entities. By correlating clinical and radiologic data, cytologic findings, and ancillary studies, a high diagnostic accuracy rate can be achieved with FNA.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Relation between infection of CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori and upper gastrointestinal diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relation between infection of Helicobacter pylori strains expressing CagA and upper gastrointestinal diseases, and to assess the change of anti-CagA IgG antibody levels after eradication of H. pylori. METHODS: Gastric biopsy was conducted among eight hundred and eight patients who received endoscopy to determine the pathological changes of mucosa and infectious status of H. pylori. The presence of serum anti-CagA IgG was detected in each H. pylori-positive patient by ELISA. Eradication therapy by PPI was conducted to the H. pylori-positive individuals. The anti-CagA IgG levels were reexamined among 60 patients whose H. pylori infection failed to be eradicated and 120 patients whose H. pylori infection was successfully eradicated after 3 months and 6 months. RESULTS: The serum anti-CagA IgG-positive rates were 55.4%, 70.5%, 83.2%, 90.8% and 89.7% in H. pylori-positive patients with chronic superficial gastritis (CSG), chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), gastric ulcer (GU), duodenal ulcer (DU), and gastric cancer (GC) respectively. The serum anti-CagA IgG-positive rates among the latter 4 groups were significantly higher than that in CSG group, and the serum anti-CagA IgG-positive rates among the latter 3 groups were significantly higher than that in CAG group. The serum anti-CagA IgG-positive rate among patients with CAG was significantly higher than that among patients with CSG (P < 0.05). The CagA-positive rates in the groups of intestinal metaplasia (IM), atypical hyperplasia and GC were significantly higher than those in the groups of CSG and CAG (P < 0.05). By the end of 3 and 6 months after the eradication therapy, the antibody level had decreased from a mean value of (69 +/- 38) U/ml to (47 +/- 30) U/ml and (32 +/- 15) U/ml among 120 patients with successful eradication and the serum antibody reverted to negative only in 23 cases from them. There was no significant change in serum anti-CagA IgG level among 60 patients without successful eradication. CONCLUSION: Infection with CagA-positive H. pylori strains is associated with an increased risk of developing more severe gastroduodenal diseases and more severe gastric mucosa lesions. Despite an overall significant decrease of anti-CagA IgG level in sera after H. pylori eradication, this serological method cannot be used to monitor individual treatment effect because the anti-CagA IgG level decreases slowly.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Caveolin-1 mediates testosterone-stimulated survival/clonal growth and promotes metastatic activities in prostate cancer cells.

Previously, we demonstrated that up-regulation of caveolin-1 (cav-1) was associated with prostate cancer metastasis, biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy, and androgen insensitivity. The objective of this study was to characterize the regulation of cav-1 by testosterone (T) and to test the effects of cav-1 on prostate cancer cell survival/clonal growth and metastatic activities. Our results demonstrated that T up-regulated cav-1 protein levels in part through transcriptional regulation and significantly enhanced survival of prostate cancer cell lines ABAC3 and LNCaP after serum starvation (>40% and >60% increased viability, respectively) and in an extended clonogenic assay (approximately 4-fold and 6-fold increase in colonies, respectively). Importantly, antisense cav-1 inhibited the survival effects of T in these assay systems. Modest but not high levels of adenoviral vector-mediated cav-1 expression alone also significantly increased viability (>40%) and clonal growth (10-fold increase in colonies) after serum starvation. Analysis of spontaneous metastasis in stably transfected antisense cav-1 mouse prostate cancer cell clones demonstrated reduction of spontaneous lymph node metastasis incidence (13%), spontaneous lymph node metastasis volume (46%), and experimental lung metastasis incidence (40%) compared with vector control cell clones. Surgical castration further reduced spontaneous lymph node metastasis incidence and volume (18% and 28%, respectively) in antisense cancer cell clones, but not in vector control clones. Our studies demonstrate that cav-1 is a downstream effector of T-mediated prostate cancer cell survival/clonal growth and that modest levels of cav-1 can independently promote prostate cancer cell survival/clonal growth and metastatic activities.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Determination and comparison of competitive isotherms by rectangular pulse method and frontal velocity analysis method.

Two different approaches, the rectangular pulse method and a new method, the frontal velocity analysis method are applied to the determination of competitive isotherms for two systems on ODS-silica. Both sets of experimental data are found to fit well to the competitive-Langmuir isotherm equation. The data obtained from the rectangular pulse method and the frontal velocity analysis method are in general agreement with each other and the best coefficients of the competitive isotherms obtained with the two methods are close. This shows that the simpler and easier method, the frontal velocity analysis method can be used to determine binary competitive isotherms.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Secreted caveolin-1 stimulates cell survival/clonal growth and contributes to metastasis in androgen-insensitive prostate cancer.

Caveolin-1 is an integral protein of caveolae, known to play important roles in signal transduction and lipid transport. We demonstrate that caveolin-1 expression is significantly increased in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer after androgen ablation therapy. We also show that caveolin-1 is secreted by androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells, and that this secretion is regulated by steroid hormones. Significantly, caveolin-1 was detected in the MDL(3) fraction of serum specimens from patients with advanced prostate cancer and to a lesser extent in normal subjects. Conditioned media from high passage caveolin-1 secreting, androgen-insensitive, LNCaP cells stimulated increased viability and clonal growth of low passage, caveolin-1-negative, androgen-sensitive, LNCaP cells in vitro, and this effect was blocked by treating the media with caveolin-1 antibody. i.p. injections of caveolin-1 antibody suppressed the orthotopic growth and spontaneous metastasis of highly metastatic, androgen-insensitive caveolin-1-secreting mouse prostate cancer. Overall, our results establish caveolin-1 as an autocrine/paracrine factor that is associated with androgen-insensitive prostate cancer. We demonstrate the potential for caveolin-1 as a therapeutic target for this important malignancy.

Androgen Antagonists↗