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Biomedical subjects

G Williams

Publications and source records attributed to G Williams.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Radiography of acromioclavicular dislocation and associated injuries.

The superficial location of the acromioclavicular joints in the human skeleton makes it vulnerable to several kinds of disruptive forces, resulting in a variety of injuries. In this review, we describe different types of acromioclavicular dislocation and associated fractures. We emphasize the radiographic features and methods of detecting the lesions otherwise unnoticed along with the mechanisms, the frequency, and the pathology of the injuries.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed1990

Homeless youth and AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and behaviour.

A study conducted in Brisbane, Queensland, assessed homeless youths' knowledge, attitudes and behaviours relating to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Data obtained from 40 homeless youths aged 15 to 19 years were compared with that from controls. The findings identified a significantly lower level of accurate knowledge of AIDS by the homeless youth on questions related to the transmission of AIDS and on measures to prevent infection. Furthermore, homeless youth exhibited higher levels of at-risk behaviours for the contraction of AIDS. No significant differences regarding attitudes and beliefs about the disease were found. A subgroup of particularly high-risk youth is identified and described. Given the established knowledge deficits, homeless youth were also assessed for educational measures to which they might respond favourably. Implications for future educational programmes are described. It is concluded that homeless youth are comparatively ignorant of AIDS and comparatively at risk of contracting the disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Plasma vitamins A and E and hydrogen peroxide-induced in vitro erythrocyte haemolysis in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Plasma total lipid, cholesterol, all-trans retinol (vitamin A) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) concentrations, and the susceptibility of erythrocytes to hydrogen peroxide-induced haemolysis in vitro were investigated in healthy laboratory-bred common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and total cholesterol were similar to those of control human subjects. The mean lipid concentration was higher (P less than 0.025) and the retinol concentration lower (P less than 0.001) in the marmosets. The susceptibility of the erythrocytes of the marmosets to hydrogen peroxide-induced haemolysis was high, both in absolute value and relative to the controls. Changes in phospholipid and fatty acid composition might have rendered the red cells susceptible to oxidative stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Developmental regulation of IgM secretion: the role of the carboxy-terminal cysteine.

B lymphocytes do not secrete IgM, and plasma cells only secrete IgM polymers. Here we show that both events are attributable to the tailpiece found at the carboxyl terminus of mus chains, and we specifically implicate Cys-575. Thus, if Cys-575 was mutated, IgM was secreted by B cells. Similarly, a mutant IgG containing a mus tailpiece became largely retained within the cell; secretion was restored upon mutation of the tailpiece cysteine. Removal of Cys-575 also allowed hypersecretion of monomeric IgM by plasmacytoma cells. Following further removal of Cmu1, heavy chains were secreted in the absence of light chains. Thus, in B and plasma cells, Cys-575 is involved both in the polymerization of IgM and in intracellular retention of unpolymerized intermediates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

A study of oligosaccharide determinants expressed by prostatic glandular epithelium of the normal adult rat.

Normal prostates from Copenhagen/Fischer F1 hybrid rats were removed at 14 month of age. After routine formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, the expression of seven oligosaccharide structures by prostatic epithelial cells was assessed by an examination of lectin binding sites before and after neuraminidase digestion. Con-A bound to plasma membranes as well as the cytoplasm of all cells, thus confirming the presence of complex-type glycoconjugates. However, only two other oligosaccharides, apart from Con-A, were freely expressed on epithelial luminal plasma membranes. These were the Type I structure (Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-) identified by PNA-binding and (GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4-)n identified by WGA. PNA, WGA, UEA-1 and SBA bound to the cytoplasm of almost all epithelial cells, although their intracellular distribution was not identical. DBF binding was not identified. ECG bound to only a very few cells and then only after digestion with neuraminidase when it was localised to the cytoplasm. Following removal of sialic acid groups by neuraminidase digestion, PNA-binding became more prominent, SBA-binding appeared localized to paranuclear intracellular vesicles and WGA binding sites were abolished. This study has now characterized the major oligosaccharide determinants expressed by rat normal prostatic epithelial cells and provides a baseline against which alterations occurring during ontogenesis and oncogenesis may be compared.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing nerves in mammalian ureter.

The distribution of neuropeptide Y in the ureter of the rat, rabbit, and man has been determined by radioimmunoassay and chromatographic analysis of the tissue extract. The localization of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity has been identified by immunocytochemistry. A regional distribution of neuropeptide Y was found; highest concentrations being present in the ureterovesical junction. Throughout the ureter, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibers were identified to surround the blood vessels and a few plexuses of neuropeptide Y-containing nerves were present within the muscle layers. Neuropeptide Y was not present within ganglion cells. Treatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in a significant reduction of neuropeptide Y concentrations in the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the ureter. This depletion in extractable neuropeptide Y was associated with morphologic changes typical of axonal degeneration of the neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Intraoperative and early complications of staging pelvic lymph node dissection in prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy is the final staging procedure before institution of therapy for patients with clinically locally confined adenocarcinoma of the prostate, a normal acid phosphatase, and a bone scan free of metastatic disease. The pathologic information it provides cannot be accurately acquired at the present time by any other method. Extraperitoneal lymphadenectomy is associated with some morbidity intraoperatively and in the early postoperative period. We enumerate our results with 284 extraperitoneal lymphadenectomies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Experience of MOET with Welsh Black cattle in a group breeding scheme.

The embryo production records of 27 Welsh Black cows in a multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) program were examined. Significant monthly variations in the number of viable embryos recovered (P=0.07) and in embryo viability (P=0.002) were detected, although ovarian responses did not vary. Embryo recovery was not affected by the type of catheter used or by the side of the uterus flushed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

A case of follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma with t(14;18) and t(8;11).

Follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma is a common B-cell lymphoma exhibiting a t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation, which has been found in most cases studied. In our case of follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma, the chromosome translocation 14;18 was observed. This case also exhibits a second consistent chromosomal translocation, t(8;11)(p21;q13), along with t(14;18).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

N-3 and N-6 phosphoglyceride fatty acids in relation to in vitro erythrocyte haemolysis induced by hydrogen peroxide in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

1. Hydrogen peroxide-induced haemolysis (HPIH) was studied in the red blood cells of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) in relation to the composition of the membrane fatty acids. HPIH (%) was surprisingly high (mean 41% +/- 34; median 33.4%) and significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the corresponding value in healthy human subjects (mean 0.98% +/- 0.6; median 1.3%). 2. It was negatively correlated with 18:2n-6 (r = -0.76, P less than 0.001), 18:2n-6/20:4n-6 (r = -0.70, P less than 0.005) and 18:2n-6/22:6n-3 (r = -0.44, P less than 0.025) in the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of the erythrocytes. 3. A shift in the n-6/n-3 balance in favour of the n-3 in the fatty acid composition of the membrane may have predisposed the red blood cells to haemolysis. 4. An increase in 22:6n-3, and a decrease of 20:4n-6 and 18:2n-6, may have been the result of feeding a diet containing fish products rich in long chain n-3 fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Wallstent endoprostheses for the relief of prostatic urethral obstruction in high risk patients.

Twenty-one patients with prostatic urethral obstruction who were unfit for surgery were treated with self-expandable stainless steel endoprostheses inserted under fluoroscopic guidance. The procedure was technically successful in all patients, although in one case a second stent was required 2 months later. One patient developed a urethral stricture in the 12-16 month follow up period. One case of epididymoorchitis and one case of septicaemia after stenting were treated successfully with antibiotics. Endoprostheses represent a satisfactory alternative to prostatectomy in high-risk patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Differences in expression of oligosaccharide determinants by phenotypically distinct sublines of the Dunning 3327 rat prostate cancer.

Oligosaccharides expressed by the 3327-H and 3327-MAT LyLu sublines of the Dunning rat prostate cancer model have been compared in formalin-fixed and routinely paraffin-embedded tumour tissues. Binding by lectins of defined specificity has been employed to identify expression of seven oligosaccharide structures by primary and metastatic prostatic carcinoma cells. Neuraminidase digestion was employed to reveal determinants masked by sialic acid. The presence of core Man alpha 1----3(Man alpha 1----6)Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4 determinants recognised by Con-A (Canavalia ensiformis) confirmed expression of complex-type glycoconjugates by plasma membrane and cytoplasmic components of the 3327-H tumour but only by cytoplasmic determinants within 3327 MAT LyLu variant tumour-cells. The only other oligosaccharide freely expressed by either tumour-subline was (GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4-)n, recognised by WGA (Triticum vulgaris). Prior to neuraminidase digestion, PNA (Arachis hypogaea) (which identifies Type I oligosaccharides: Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-) bound to pseudoluminal membranes of the 3327-H tumour. However, ECG (Erythrina cristagalli) (which identifies type II oligosaccharides: Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc-) did not bind to this tumour. Unmasked Type I (Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-) and Type II (Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc-) oligosaccharides were not identified in the MAT-LyLu variant. After neuraminidase digestion, PNA-binding was identified along pseudoluminal plasma membranes within 3327-H tumours but only within the cytoplasm of 3327-MAT LyLu primary and metastatic tumour cells. Following neuraminidase digestion, ECG-binding was observed along pseudoluminal plasma membranes of 3327-H tumours and heterogeneously within the cytoplasm of primary, but not metastatic 3327-MAT LyLu tumours. Terminal alpha/beta GalNAc- residues recognised by SBA (Glycine max) were not freely expressed by either subline. These structures were readily detected along luminal membranes of 3327-H cells and weakly detected within the cytoplasm of primary but not metastatic MAT 3327-LyLu tumour cells following neuraminidase digestion. Fucosylated Type II structures Fuc alpha 1----2Gal(GalNAc)-), recognised by UEA-1 (Ulex europaeus-1) and GalNAc alpha 1----3GalNAc- structures recognised by DBF (Dolichos biflorus) were not identified as a component of either tumour subline. The different patterns of oligosaccharide expression, identified by lectin-binding, clearly differentiated between the two tumour sublines and distinguished them from normal prostatic epithelium. The Dunning 3327 rat prostatic cancer sublines offer a useful model with which to examine the relationship between cell-surface oligosaccharide structures and phenotypic variants within a defined tumour-cell population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Phosphorus-32 for intractable bony pain from carcinoma of the prostate.

Although multiple bony metastases from carcinoma of the prostate are common, widespread pain is a much less frequent complication but one which nevertheless presents considerable difficulties in management. Pain may be severe requiring large doses of narcotic analgesics and may render the patient virtually immobile. A total of 53 treatments with radioactive phosphorus-32 were assessed in 46 patients; in addition, five patients died before response was assessable. A worthwhile response in terms of pain reduction and improved mobility was obtained in 87%. Response was subdivided into good and moderate, with response rates of 53% and 34% respectively. The mean age of patients at treatment was 64.6 years, the median 65 years, and 30% of treated patients were 60 years or under. Median survival in the good, moderate and no response groups was 8, 6.5 and 4.5 months respectively. These differences in survival are not statistically significant. Five-year survival was 4.3%. The treatment is not intended to improve survival but with 87% of patients achieving pain relief, 32P should be considered for the treatment of severe bony pain when other options are limited by the widespread nature of the disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

The influence of immunosuppression on peptic ulceration following renal transplantation and the role of endoscopy.

Peptic ulceration is common in patients undergoing renal transplantation. With a change in routine immunosuppression from azathioprine and steroids to cyclosporin, or cyclosporin and low-dose steroids and azathioprine, less peptic ulceration might be expected. This was investigated in two groups of patients undergoing renal transplantation. Group 1 (n = 90) received azathioprine and prednisolone; Group 2 (n = 44) received cyclosporin and low-dose azathioprine and prednisolone. Patients from both groups were endoscoped 7-14 days after operation, when peptic ulceration, oesophagitis, gastritis, and duodenitis were assessed. Whilst Group 2 differed significantly in receiving more methylprednisolone than Group 1 (P less than 0.05), there was no difference between the two groups with regard to the incidence of peptic ulceration or inflammatory lesions. In both groups there was a trend for those treated with methylprednisolone for rejection to develop ulcers or inflammatory lesions when a total dose of more than 2 g had been given by the time of endoscopy. Any possible reduction in the incidence of peptic ulceration after transplantation is outweighed by the continued use of high-dose methylprednisolone to treat episodes of rejection. The true incidence of peptic ulceration after transplantation is much higher than if presenting symptoms alone are the starting point for investigation. Regular post-transplantation endoscopy allows prompt diagnosis and treatment, with attainment of a very low mortality rate (0.75% overall, or 4% in those with peptic ulcers) from peptic ulceration in patients undergoing renal transplantation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The prevalence of minor psychopathology in opioid users seeking treatment.

Studies have consistently reported a relationship between psychopathology and opioid use, with the former cited as a powerful predictor of treatment outcome. Scores on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), a non-diagnostic measure of minor psychopathology, were obtained from the randomly selected files of 150 opioid users presenting for treatment at an inner city drug advisory service. Approximately 61% of the sample qualified as 'cases', indicating some degree of psychological and social dysfunction. Clients with current legal charges had lower test scores than those without pending legal action, while GHQ scores were unrelated to the remaining 10 demographic and drug use variables investigated. The prevalence of minor psychopathology reported in this sample has implications for the provision of appropriate and effective interventions, and points to the further investigation of the GHQ as a tool in the assessment of psychological dysfunction in this population.

Adolescent↗