Biomedical subjects

G Wang

Publications and source records attributed to G Wang.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Homocysteine stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor (CCR2) in human monocytes: possible involvement of oxygen free radicals.

Homocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. The development of atherosclerosis involves monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)-mediated monocyte recruitment to the lesion site. The action of MCP-1 is mostly via its interaction with MCP-1 receptor (CCR2), which is the major receptor for MCP-1 on the surface of monocytes. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of homocysteine on CCR2 expression in human THP-1 monocytes. Cells were incubated with various concentrations of homocysteine for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. The expression of CCR2 mRNA was determined by nuclease protection assay and the CCR2 protein was measured by Western immunoblotting analysis. The binding of MCP-1 to CCR2 as a functional receptor on the monocyte surface was determined by flow cytometry. Homocysteine (0.05-0.2 mM) significantly enhanced the expression of CCR2 mRNA (129-209% of the control) and CCR2 protein (up to 183% of control) in these cells after 24 h of incubation. Stimulation of CCR2 expression was associated with a parallel increase in the binding activity of CCR2 (129-191% of control) as well as an enhanced chemotactic response of homocysteine-treated monocytes. Further investigation revealed that the levels of superoxide were significantly elevated in cells incubated with homocysteine for 12-48 h. The addition of superoxide dismutase, a scavenger of superoxide, to the culture medium abolished the stimulatory effect of homocysteine on CCR2 expression as well as the binding activity of the receptor. The stimulatory effect of homocysteine on the expression of CCR2 mRNA and the levels of CCR2 protein was also observed in human peripheral blood monocytes. In conclusion, the present study has clearly demonstrated that homocysteine stimulates CCR2 expression in monocytes, leading to an enhanced binding activity and chemotatic response. Homocysteine-induced superoxide formation might serve as one of the underlying mechanisms for this effect.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2001

Controlling dissipative and Hamiltonian chaos by a constant periodic pulse method.

A constant periodic pulse method is proposed to control dissipative and Hamiltonian chaos. Using the convergence of the chaotic orbit in finite time, the stable segment of the chaotic orbit that satisfies the desired dynamical features can be made to form a closed orbit by the action of a proper perturbation on the system variables. A way to determine the intensity of the perturbation and the corresponding fixed points is presented. The method is robust against the presence of external noise.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Lipopolysaccharide induces Rac1-dependent reactive oxygen species formation and coordinates tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion through IKK regulation of NF-kappa B.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important second messengers generated in response to many types of environmental stress. In this setting, changes in intracellular ROS can activate signal transduction pathways that influence how cells react to their environment. In sepsis, a dynamic proinflammatory cellular response to bacterial toxins (e.g. lipopolysaccharide or LPS) leads to widespread organ damage and death. The present study demonstrates for the first time that the activation of Rac1 (a GTP-binding protein), and the subsequent production of ROS, constitutes a major pathway involved in NFkappaB-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) secretion following LPS challenge in macrophages. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of Rac1 (N17Rac1) reduced Rac1 activation, ROS formation, NFkappaB activation, and TNFalpha secretion following LPS stimulation. In contrast, expression of a dominant active form of Rac1 (V12Rac1) mimicked these effects in the absence of LPS stimulation. IKKalpha and IKKbeta were both required downstream modulators of LPS-activated Rac1, since the expression of either of the IKK dominant mutants (IKKalphaKM or IKKbetaKA) drastically reduced NFkappaB-dependent TNFalpha secretion. Moreover, studies using CD14 blocking antibodies suggest that Rac1 induces TNFalpha secretion through a pathway independent of CD14. However, a maximum therapeutic inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha secretion occurred when both CD14 and Rac1 pathways were inhibited. Our results suggest that targeting both Rac1- and CD14-dependent pathways could be a useful therapeutic strategy for attenuating the proinflammatory cytokine response during the course of sepsis.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2001

[Study on the clinical misdiagnosis of hepatolenticular degeneration].

OBJECTIVE: To study the proportion and frequency of misdiagnosis of hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD), diseases easily confused with HLD, and the relation between misdiagnosis and curative effect so as to sum up experience and improve diagnosis. METHODS: 1 011 cases with the confirmed diagnosis of HLD who were hospitalized in the Hospital Affiliated to the Institute of Neurology, Anhui College of TCM from November 1993 to June 2000 were analyzed. Those patients who had attended two or more than two hospitals and had been misdiagnosed as other diseases or failed to get a clear diagnosis for 3 months and over before hospitalization were included in the group of clinical misdiagnosis or the group without a definite diagnosis. Relevant data were analyzed. RESULTS: 516 cases (51.04%) were misdiagnosed, 193 cases (19.09%) failed to be diagnosed as a specific disease, only 302 cases (29.87%) had been diagnosed as HLD within 3 months after the onset. The 516 cases had been misdiagnosed as more than 100 different diseases, including all types of hepatitis, cirrhosis, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, arthritis, nephritis, encephalitis, encephalopathy, psychosis, anaemia, and so on. The curative effect was much better in the group with early diagnosis than in the groups with misdiagnosis and without a clear diagnosis (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: HLD is often misdiagnosed as other diseases or fails to get a clear diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment without delay is critical to the prognosis. Patients with symptoms described in this article should be examined for the presence of corneal K-F ring and copper metabolism teat should be made when necessary.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

A force-plate actometer for quantitating rodent behaviors: illustrative data on locomotion, rotation, spatial patterning, stereotypies, and tremor.

This report describes a new kind of actometer for recording the behavior of rodents or other small animals. The instrument, a force-plate actometer, uses a stiff, low-mass horizontal plate coupled to four supporting force transducers positioned at the corners of the plate. When an animal moves on the plate, its movements are sensed by the transducers whose signals are processed by computer to yield measurements of a wide range of behaviors or behavioral attributes, such as locomotor activity, rotation around the center, whole-body tremor, and amphetamine-induced stereotypies. Spatial resolution is less than 1 mm, and temporal resolution is 0.02 s. Sample data were presented comparing the locomotor activity of CD-1, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice before and after treatment with D-amphetamine sulfate. Rotational behavior was recorded in an amphetamine-treated rat that had sustained a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal system. In the C57BL/6 mouse, harmaline-induced tremor was quantified. With rats as subjects, the force-plate actometer was used to quantify amphetamine-induced stereotypies, to demonstrate the development of sensitization to amphetamine's effects, and to quantitate the consistent 11-12 Hz rhythmicities that underlie the sterotypies. The performance of the force-plate actometer was compared with that of a variety of instruments reported in the literature on behavioral instrumentation. Finally, potential applications in neuroscience research other than those illustrated in this report were discussed.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed2001

Preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a Ca2+-binding protein human S100A1.

S100A1, a Ca(2+)-binding protein from the S100 protein family, has been crystallized by the vapour-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol 4000 as the precipitant at pH 8.5. The crystal belongs to space group P6(3). The unit-cell parameters are a = b = 57.3, c = 104.7 A. There appear to be two S100A1 molecules in the asymmetric unit. The crystals were stable during exposure to X-rays and diffract to 2.6 A resolution in-house.

Calcium-Binding Proteins↗

PubMed2001

Two-dimensional fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with modulated excitation.

Overlap of multiple states or multiple species in a chemical system often creates a congested fluorescence spectrum that is difficult to interpret. The resolution of component spectra is essential for the understanding of the structure and dynamics of such multicomponent systems. In this paper, two-dimensional fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (2D FCS) is presented for the dissection of component spectra using the time correlation function. In 2D FCS, the time response of fluorescence intensity is collected at various wavelengths upon an external perturbation. The time correlation function is evaluated between wavelengths. A two-dimensional fluorescence correlation spectrum, or a plot of the correlation intensity as a function of two wavelength axes, resolves the overall spectrum into component spectra. The characteristics of the two-dimensional time correlation function are demonstrated in the frequency domain fluorescence spectroscopy in which the sinusoidally modulated excitation provides the external perturbation. Using 2D FCS, fine vibronic structures of the component fluorescence emission spectra were completely resolved from a strongly overlapped one-dimensional mixture spectrum. The existence of multiple microenvironments of a probe molecule in a biological system is evidenced by nonzero asynchronous correlation intensities. The corresponding spectra are retrieved from correlation analysis. Unlike traditional resolution methods in fluorescence spectroscopy based on statistical fitting of fluorescence decays, 2D FCS can resolve species whose fluorescence decays are linked by the rate constants in chemical reactions and species displaying multiexponential decay kinetics.

Spectrometry, Fluorescence↗

PubMed2001

Analysis of a VMP-like sequence (vls) locus in Borrelia garinii and Vls homologues among four Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species.

The VMP-like sequence (vls) locus that consists of one expressed vlsE gene and 15 silent vls cassettes has been described in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto B31. In the present study, the vls locus from a Borrelia garinii isolate A87SA was analyzed. DNA fragments that contained three complete and five partial vls cassettes were cloned and sequenced. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and Southern hybridization of the PFGE blot indicated that the vls locus of B. garinii A87SA, consisting of at least eight vls cassettes, was located on a 21-kb linear plasmid. The size of the three complete vls cassettes varied from 573 to 612 bp. They had 93.8-94.3% identity at the nucleotide level and 84.9-87.3% amino acid identity. The amino acid sequences of the three vls cassettes of B. garinii A87SA exhibited 45.9-50.8% identity to the VlsE sequence of B. burgdorferi B31, and 30.0-33.8% identity to the VMP17 sequence of B. hermsii HS1. Homologues of the vls locus of B. garinii were detected by dot blot hybridization among 24 of the 30 (80.0%) isolates representing four B. burgdorferi sensu lato species distributed widely in Europe. Our findings indicate that B. garinii might possess a similar vls structure to that described in B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. The highly conserved nature of the vls locus among various B. burgdorferi sensu lato species suggests that it may be important in the physiology and pathogenesis of Lyme disease spirochetes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Synthesis, photophysical properties, tumor uptake, and preliminary in vivo photosensitizing efficacy of a homologous series of 3-(1'-alkyloxy)ethyl-3-devinylpurpurin-18-N-alkylimides with variable lipophilicity.

Starting from methylpheophorbide-a, a homologous series of purpurinimides containing alkyl substituents at two different positions [as 3-(1(1)-O-alkyl) and 13(2)-N-alkyl] were synthesized. These compounds with variable lipophilicity (log P 5.32-16.44) exhibit long wavelength absorption near lambda(max)700 nm (epsilon: 45 000 in dichloromethane) with singlet oxygen ((1)O2) production in the range of 57-60%. The shifts in in vivo absorptions and tumor/skin uptake of these compounds were determined in C3H mice bearing RIF tumors by in vivo reflectance spectroscopy. The results obtained from a set of photosensitizers with similar lipophilicity (log P 10.68-10.88) indicate that besides the overall lipophilicity, the presence and position of the alkyl groups (O-alkyl vs N-alkyl) in a molecule play an important role in tumor uptake, tumor selectivity, and in vivo PDT efficacy. At present, all purpurinimide analogues are being evaluated at various doses, and experiments are underway to establish a quantitative structure-activity relationship on a limited set of compounds. The 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the structures of the desired purpurinimides and the byproducts formed during various reaction conditions. The mechanisms of the formation of the unexpected 12-formyl- and 12-(hydroxymethyl)purpurinimides under certain reaction conditions are also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Expression of telomerase subunits and its relationship with telomerase activity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of telomerase subunits and its relationship with telomerase activity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS: The expression of telomerase subunits and the telomerase activity were examined in the same sample from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) as well as from chronic inflammation of nasopharyngeal epithelium (CINE) with RT-PCR and PCR-ELISA respectively. RESULTS: (1) hTERT mRNA was expressed in 38 of 43 cases of NPC (88%), and in none of the 16 cases of CINE (0%) (P < 0.05). (2) hTR was expressed in 39 of the 43 cases of NPC (90.7%),and in 14 of the 16 cases of CINE (87.5%) (P < 0.05). TP1 mRNA was expressed in 38 of the 43 cases of NPC (88%), and in 14 of the 16 cases of CINE (87.5%). There was no statistically significant difference between the expression of hTR and TP1 mRNA in NPC and their expression in CINE (P > 0.05). (3) Telomerase activity was detected in 37 of the 43 cases of NPC (86%) and in none of the 16 cases of CINE (0%) (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expression of hTERT mRNA in NPC and CINE (P < 0.05). No correlation was observed between telomerase activity and the expression of hTR and TP1 mRNA (P > 0.05). (5) No correlation was observed between the clinicopathological features of NPC and CINE (such as clinical stage and lymph node metastasis) and the expression of any of the telomerase subunits (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of hTERT may play a critical role in regulation of telomerase activity, and detection of hTERT mRNA might be useful for clinical diagnosis of NPC.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2001

Synthesis of a terbium fluorescent chelate and its application to time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay.

A new nonadentate ligand, N, N, N1, N1-[2,6-bis(3'-aminomethyl-1'-pyrazolyl)-4-phenylpyridine]tetrakis(acetic acid) (BPTA) for a Tb3+ fluorescent complex was synthesized. The Tb3+ complex is strongly fluorescent, having a large fluorescence quantum yield of 1.00 and very long fluorescence lifetime of 2.681 ms in 0.05 M borate buffer of pH 9.1. Streptavidin (SA) was labeled with BPTA by using its succinimidyl monoester, and the BPTA-Tb(3+)-labeled SA was used in sandwich-type time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human sera. The Tb(3+)-labeled SA was also used in competitive-type TR-FIA of bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) in water. The detection limits of these assays are 42 pg/mL for AFP, 70 pg/mL for CEA, and 0.4 ng/mL for BSM. In addition, a new simultaneous measurement method for AFP and CEA in a human serum sample was developed by using 4,4'-bis(1",1",2",2",3",3" -heptafluoro-4",6"-hexanedion-6"-ly)chlorosulfo- o-terphenyl (BHHCT)-Eu(3+)-labeled anti-AFP antibody, biotinylated anti-CEA antibody, and BPTA-Tb(3+)-labeled SA. The concentrations of AFP and CEA in 39 human serum samples were determined, and the results were compared with those of the independently determined AFP and CEA by TR-FIA with a single-label method. A good correlation was obtained with the correlation coefficients of 0.991 for AFP and 0.994 for CEA.

Acetates↗

PubMed2001

Detection and determination of oligonucleotide triplex formation-mediated transcription-coupled DNA repair in HeLa nuclear extracts.

Transcription-coupled repair (TCR) plays an important role in removing DNA damage from actively transcribed genes. It has been speculated that TCR is the most important mechanism for repairing DNA damage in non-dividing cells such as neurons. Therefore, abnormal TCR may contribute to the development of many age-related and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanism of TCR is not well understood. Oligonucleotide DNA triplex formation provides an ideal system to dissect the molecular mechanism of TCR since triplexes can be formed in a sequence-specific manner to inhibit transcription of target genes. We have recently studied the molecular mechanism of triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO)-mediated TCR in HeLa nuclear extracts. Using plasmid constructs we demonstrate that the level of TFO-mediated DNA repair activity is directly correlated with the level of transcription of the plasmid in HeLa nuclear extracts. TFO-mediated DNA repair activity was further linked with transcription since the presence of rNTPs in the reaction was essential for AG30-mediated DNA repair activity in HeLa nuclear extracts. The involvement of individual components, including TFIID, TFIIH, RNA polymerase II and xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA), in the triplex-mediated TCR process was demonstrated in HeLa nuclear extracts using immunodepletion assays. Importantly, our studies also demonstrated that XPC, a component involved in global genome DNA repair, is involved in the AG30-mediated DNA repair process. The results obtained in this study provide an important new understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the TCR process in mammalian cells.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2001

High-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of ethionamide in human plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and alveolar cells.

We have developed and validated an accurate, sensitive, and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method (HPLC-MS-MS) for the determination of ethionamide in plasma, bronchoalveolar fluid (BAL) and alveolar cells (AC). The retention times for ethionamide, clemastine fumarate (internal standard for plasma), promethazine (internal standard for plasma) and propranolol (internal standard for BAL and AC) were approximately 2.62, 1.21, 2.14, and 2.22 min, respectively, with a total run time of 3.2 min. Ethionamide detection for plasma was carried out on a PE Sciex API III (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA, USA). BAL and cell pellets and some plasma specimens were analyzed on a Micromass Quattro LC (Micromass Co., Manchester, UK). The detection limits for ethionamide were 0.05 microg/ml for plasma, and 0.005 microg/ml for BAL supernatants and alveolar cell suspensions.

Antitubercular Agents↗

PubMed2001

Contribution of BDNF-mediated inhibition in patterning avian skin innervation.

Multiple factors are involved in the development and regulation of sensory innervation in skin. The findings we report here suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mediated inhibition may play an important role in determining the pattern of sensory innervation in avian skin. In birds, cutaneous innervation is restricted to dermis, where axons form a ring of innervation around the base of each feather. Here we show that both BDNF message and protein are more abundant in avian epidermis than dermis when innervation is being established; the BDNF in dermis is localized to feather buds. In vitro, BDNF caused growth cones of NGF-dependent dorsal root ganglion neurons to collapse. Similarly, outgrowth of neurites toward BDNF-secreting fibroblasts was inhibited. The inhibitory effects of BDNF appear to be mediated by the low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor, rather than a trk receptor. Thus, the distribution of BDNF in embryonic avian skin and the inhibitory effects of BDNF on cutaneous neurites in vitro suggest that BDNF may be important in restricting axons from entering the epidermis and the core of feather buds during development in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Novel androgen-dependent promoters direct expression of the C4b-binding protein alpha-chain gene in epididymis.

C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a large plasma protein composed of seven alpha-chains and one beta-chain and is involved in the fluid phase regulation of the classical pathway of the complement system. Complement inhibitory activity is located in the alpha-chain, and its mRNA has been detected only in liver to date. Here, we have isolated cDNA clones encoding the alpha-chain of guinea pig C4BP (C4BP alpha) and have demonstrated significant C4BP alpha mRNA expression in epididymis as well as liver. The level of C4BP alpha transcripts increased in the epididymis after birth, while it remained constant in the liver. C4BP alpha mRNA was also detected in the normal murine epididymis at a significant level, but it decreased drastically after castration, suggesting that epididymal expression of the C4BP alpha gene is regulated by androgen. Gene analysis of guinea pig C4BP alpha indicated that liver and epididymis C4BP alpha mRNA share the coding region and 3'-untranslated region, but are transcribed from independent promoters on a single-copy gene. Two novel epididymis-specific promoters were identified in the region corresponding to the first intron of liver transcripts. The binding motif for hepatocyte NF-1 occurs in the promoter used for transcription of liver C4BP alpha, whereas androgen-responsive elements occur in both promoters used in the epididymis. These findings present a novel link between complement regulators and reproduction. Furthermore, variation in the 5'-untranslated regions, arising from alternative splicing of the newly identified exons, is demonstrable in the guinea pig C4BP alpha transcripts.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2001

Novel structures and properties of gold nanowires.

The structures of free-standing gold nanowires are studied by using molecular-dynamics-based genetic algorithm simulations. Helical and multiwalled cylindrical structures are found for the thinner nanowires, while bulk-like fcc structures eventually form in the thicker nanowires up to 3 nm in diameter. This noncrystalline-crystalline transition starts from the core region of nanowires. The vibrational, electronic, and transport properties of nanowires are investigated based on the optimal structures. Bulklike behaviors are found for the vibrational and electronic properties of the nanowires with fcc crystalline structure. The conductance of nanowires generally increases with wire diameter and depends on the wire structure.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Immunohistochemical localization of interleukin-2 and its receptor subunits alpha, beta and gamma in the main olfactory bulb of the rat.

Endogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) was found in the adult rat brain, however, it has not been reported whether this cytokine is present in the olfactory bulb. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine the cellular localization of IL-2 and its receptor subunits in the main olfactory bulb of the rat. Strong IL-2 immunoreactivity was localized in glial cells, specifically in the olfactory nerve layer, glomerular layer and external plexiform layer. IL-2 mRNA was detected in the olfactory bulb by RT-PCR. All three IL-2 receptor subunits also showed distinct laminar distributions. The IL-2Ralpha and IL-2Rbeta immunoreactivity was found both in neurons and glial cells, whereas IL-2Rgamma imunoreactivity was found in glial cells, and thus resembled IL-2 immunostaining. The present results demonstrated a wide distribution of IL-2 and its receptor subunits in the main olfactory bulb of the rat, suggesting that IL-2 might play a role in the olfactory function through autocrine or paracrine pathways. The exclusive high expression of IL-2 in glial cells in distinct laminar structures, where neuron-glia interactions are closely associated with olfactory nerve regeneration, imply that IL-2 might be involved in the process of nerve regeneration in the olfactory bulb.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effect of temperature on elementary steps of the cross-bridge cycle in rabbit soleus slow-twitch muscle fibres.

1. Isometric tension, stiffness and the cross-bridge kinetics in rabbit soleus slow-twitch fibres (STFs) were studied in the temperature range 5-37 degrees C by sinusoidal analysis. 2. The effects of MgATP and phosphate (Pi) on the cross-bridge kinetics were studied, and the temperature dependence of the kinetic constants of elementary steps of the cross-bridge cycle was deduced in the range 20-37 degrees C. 3. The MgATP association constant (K1a) decreased when temperature was increased. The rate constants of the ATP-isomerization step (k1b and k-1b) and the cross-bridge detachment step (k2, and k(-2)) had Q10 values of 3-4, and hence their equilibrium constants (K1b and K2) changed little with temperature. 4. Q10 of the force generation step (k4) was the largest at 6.7; its reversal step (k(-4)) had a Q10 of 2.5, and hence its equilibrium constant (K4) increased significantly with temperature. The Pi association constant (K5) changed little with temperature. 5. The elementary steps of the cross-bridge cycle are more temperature sensitive in soleus STFs than in psoas, which are fast-twitch fibres. This is in accord with a higher temperature sensitivity of the apparent rate constants in STFs.T 6. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant of the force generation step (K4) was fitted to the modified Van't Hoff equation to deduce standard enthalpy change (DeltaH degrees; 70 +/- 20 kJ mol(-1)), standard entropy change (DeltaS degrees; 250 +/- 70 J mol(-1) K(-1)), and heat capacity change (DeltaCp; -12 +/- 5 kJ mol(-1) K(-1)). These results indicate that the force generation step is an entropy driven, endothermic reaction that accompanies a burial of large surface area. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that hydrophobic interaction between residues of actin and myosin and between residues of the myosin head underlies the mechanism of force generation. 7. An increase of isometric tension with temperature is accounted for by the increased number of cross-bridges in tension generating states. Stiffness also increased with temperature, but to a lesser degree.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗