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Biomedical subjects

G W Blood

Publications and source records attributed to G W Blood.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

A behavioral-cognitive therapy program for adults who stutter: computers and counseling.

This paper evaluates the efficacy of a behavioral-cognitive treatment program for adults who stutter. The program combines a commercially available computer-assisted biofeedback program for the reduction of stuttering and a relapse management program for counseling and attitude change. Four adults who stutter, between the ages of 20 and 25 years, participated in a study with multiple baseline across individuals. The initial treatment was conducted in an intensive time block, followed by extended treatment sessions. Results show that subjects reduced their disfluencies to below 3% stuttered syllables and maintained those changes at the 6 and 12 month follow-up. Measures of attitude changes were also assessed and showed that increases in positive feelings and attitudes were maintained at follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A continuous-flow model for phonatory reaction time.

The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time by investigating the temporal order of selected laryngeal and neurophysiological events involved in a phonatory reaction time task. Ten normal speakers participated in a phonatory reaction time task. Laryngeal positioning movements prior to vocal fold closure (laryngeal shift) and onset of vocal fold vibration (acoustic onset) were recorded with an electroglottograph. P300 brain potentials were collected simultaneously, and they served as an index of a central process underlying reaction time. The obtained temporal ordering of laryngeal shift, P300, and acoustic onset supported a continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time. Use of this model might yield information that is more accurate in explaining physiological function and more precise in describing temporal patterning than the serial model.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Acknowledgment and severity of stuttering as factors influencing nonstutterers' perceptions of stutterers.

The purpose of this study was to determine (a) if nonstutterers prefer to interact with mild and severe stutterers who acknowledge their stuttering and (b) if nonstutterers' perceptions of mild and severe stutterers' intelligence, personality, and appearance are altered as a function of stutterers' acknowledgment of their stuttering. Acknowledgment and nonacknowledgment videotapes of two mild and two severe male stutterers were made during interview situations. Eighty-four female subjects examined the interview tapes and were then instructed to answer questions and complete adjective scales. Findings indicate that significant numbers of female nonstutterers prefer to interact with severe stutterers who acknowledged their stuttering. Mild and severe stutterers who acknowledged their stuttering receive more favorable ratings on intelligence, personality, and appearance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Fluent and disfluent normal speakers' responses on a Synthetic Sentence Identification (SSI) task.

This study attempted to confirm the theory that central auditory processing deficits exist in the normally disfluent population. Forty adults, 20 males, and 20 females were administered the Synthetic Sentence Identification-Ipsilateral Competing Message (SSI-ICM) at -20 dB message-to-competition ratios. Results revealed a significant difference between the performance of fluent and disfluent normal speakers. No significant differences were found between ears or between male and female subjects. Discussion includes comparative data analyses with a previous study and implications for further research.

Dichotic Listening Tests↗
PubMed1986

Dichotic listening performance of articulatory-impaired children: directed attention, severity, and data analysis.

The present study compared the performance of articulatory-impaired and non-articulatory-impaired children on a dichotic word task. The dichotic words were presented under three listening conditions: free recall, directed right, and directed left. In addition, different methods for analyzing ear preferences were computed and compared. Children between 5 and 9 years of age participated. Results indicated no significant differences between articulatory-impaired and non-impaired groups on ear preferences. The directed left condition failed to produce a significant difference between right and left ear scores for both groups. Data analysis showed similarities, except with the use of the phi coefficient. No correlations were established between the number and type of articulation errors and dichotic ear preferences.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Effect of directed attention on cerebral asymmetries in stuttering adults.

9 stutterers and 9 nonstutterers were administered a dichotic digits test under conditions of free recall and directed attention. Analysis indicated right-ear preference for both groups and no differences between the free recall and directed listening conditions. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies in which dichotic digit-stimuli were presented to stutterers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Laterality differences in child stutterers: heterogeneity, severity levels, and statistical treatments.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stuttering severity and hemispheric dominance, as measured by a dichotic listening task. Subjects were 76 stutterers and 76 nonstutterers who were asked to respond to a series of dichotically presented synthetic syllables. Results revealed (a) a right ear preference for both stuttering and nonstuttering subjects; (b) right ear, no ear, and left ear preference subgroups among the stutterers; (c) differences in dichotic ear preferences for the 7- to 12-year-old stuttering and nonstuttering subjects; and (d) a relationship between stuttering severity and hemispheric dominance depending on the manner in which the data were analyzed. The discussion considers the earlier studies in the literature and reconsiders the idea of subgroups within the stuttering population. Also discussed is the use of certain statistical treatments and the need to determine the relationship between hemispheric dominance in stutterers and other variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Cautiousness and hearing acuity in elderly women: a signal detection approach.

Hearing loss in elderly women was investigated with respect to measures of sensory and decision processes in an auditory signal detection task. A 1000Hz signal was used as the stimulus and a 6-point response category scale was employed. Subject biases were obtained from 6 normal hearing and 6 moderately hearing impaired elderly adults (65-76 yr). Results indicated that the subjects set a conservative criterion, regardless of hearing loss, and tended to use a binary decision process.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Fundamental frequency and intensity measurements in laryngeal and alaryngeal speakers.

Fundamental frequency measurements and voice sound pressure levels were examined in 10 tracheoesophageal, 10 esophageal, and 10 laryngeal speakers during three phonation tasks. The results indicated that tracheoesophageal speakers had a fundamental frequency approximately 25 Hz higher than esophageal speakers. Intensity levels for laryngeal and tracheoesophageal speakers were similar. Discussion includes support for this new voice restoration technique.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Central auditory function in young stutterers.

16 stutterers and 16 nonstutterers between the ages of 8 and 11 yr. were administered a battery of central auditory processing tests. The six audiological tests evaluated a range of auditory functions. Analysis indicated no significant differences between the two groups; however, inspection of the data showed 6 of the stuttering subjects performed consistently more poorly on four of the tests than the nonstuttering subjects. Results are discussed in relationship to subgroups of stutterers with auditory problems.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed1984

Relationship between stuttering severity and brainstem-evoked response testing.

Brainstem-evoked-response testing was performed on 8 adult stutterers and 8 non-stutterers. Stutterers demonstrated prolonged central conduction time as measured by the interpeak latency (IPL) differences between Waves I to V. Five of the stutterers manifested abnormalities unilaterally, while three of the subjects showed abnormal responses bilaterally. No relationship was found between brainstem-evoked-response testing and severity of stuttering.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

School-age children's reactions to deaf and hearing-impaired children.

The study investigated 120 grade school children's impressions of deaf and hearing-impaired children. Scores on the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children showed that nonhandicapped students apply negative attributes similarly to both groups. Implications for mainstreaming and elimination of stereotypes are discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed1982

A tactic for facilitating social interaction with laryngectomees.

The purpose of the present investigation was to explore the tactic of acknowledging the handicap in interactions between laryngectomized and nonlaryngectomized individuals. Two male laryngectomees were videotaped under two experimental conditions. One condition they acknowledged their laryngectomy, use of esophageal speech, problems, etc. The other condition they did not acknowledge their problem. Results indicated that listeners preferred the speaker when he discussed the handicap. Limitations of the study and clinical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Classroom teachers' impressions of hearing impaired and deaf children.

180 classroom teachers rated achievement and appearance characteristics of 9 school-age hearing-impaired and deaf children on a semantic differential utilizing 15 bipolar adjectives. A significant difference between normally hearing and hearing-impaired subjects was noted. Hearing aids and the speech of the hearing-impaired and deaf subjects elicit more negative responses.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

The concomitant problems of young stutterers.

This investigation was designed to survey a sample of 650 speech-language pathologists providing services in elementary schools and to obtain information on the concomitant problems of stutterers in their caseloads. The results of the survey revealed that 32% of all the young stutterers were free of any other problems. The remaining 68% were reported as having some other type of problem (articulation, language, voice, emotional disturbance, neurological handicap, etc.) in addition to their stuttering. Results also present the type of therapy received by each subgroup. Limitations of the survey method and clinical and research implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The interactions of amplitude and phonetic quality in esophageal speech.

Levels of isolated vowels and the influence of consonant environment on vowel level were determined for three esophageal speakers and three normal speakers. Twenty lists of isolated vowels and diphthongs and 576 monosyllabic words were used as the stimuli. The results revealed that esophageal speakers had an 11-dB reduction in SPL compared to normal speakers. The greatest level was observed on the vowels /i/ and /u/. Differences between normal and esophageal speakers are discussed in terms of absolute level and phonetic environment.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Professional and lay observers' impressions of preschoolers wearing hearing aids.

This study determined whether professional and lay observers had similar impressions of preschoolers wearing hearing aids and if the size of the aid affected ratings. Stimuli consisted of three photographic slides of nine normally-hearing and speaking male preschoolers wearing (1) a body-type hearing aid, (2) a post-auricular type aid, and (3) no aid. Slides were accompanied by taped speech samples. Stimuli were presented to 75 professional and 75 lay observers who rated the children on a semantic differential scale containing 15 adjectives. Ratings were submitted to a factor analysis revealing Factor I as achievement and Factor II as appearance. Results of MANOVAs revealed that neither professional nor lay observers discriminated against the children on appearance regardless of the presence of a hearing aid, but that both groups rated them significantly poorer on achievement when an aid was present. Lay observers' ratings showed a bias against the size of the aid, while professionals exhibited negative impressions whenever an aid was present, regardless of its size. These findings indicate that the "hearing aid effect" was present on variables of achievement even for normal-hearing preschoolers.

Attitude↗