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Biomedical subjects

G V Jones

Publications and source records attributed to G V Jones.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Misremembering a familiar object: mnemonic illusion, not drawing bias.

It was reported by Jones (1990) that the design of British coins is systematically misremembered. Although the Queen's head in fact faces right, most people draw it facing left. It is possible, however, that the origin of this phenomenon does not reside in memory but instead in a leftward drawing bias. Two experiments of the three reported here tested this hypothesis. In Experiment 1, British participants attempted to recall the direction of the Queen's head but responded verbally instead of pictorially. The results were similar to those of Jones and thus contradict the hypothesis that misremembering of the Queen's head is caused by a leftward drawing bias. In Experiment 2, Canadian participants attempted to draw a Canadian coin. Leftward misremembering was not observed in this case. Thus the hypothesized importance of a leftward drawing bias was again not supported. Instead, the results provided support for the schema explanation of the Queen's Head memory illusion proposed by Jones. The results of Experiment 3, which compared memory for British coins and stamps, further bolstered this conclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Misremembering a common object: when left is not right.

Three experiments were carried out to investigate people's memory for British coins. Two principal issues were studied. First, it has previously been shown that memory for U.S. pennies and other coins is surprisingly imperfect. How do other countries compare? It turned out that recall of the design of British pennies was, if anything, worse even than that of U.S. pennies. The situation was no better for a larger coin with an unusual shape. It is suggested that individual features are poorly remembered if they have low levels of meaningfulness, redundancy, identifiability, and discriminativeness. Second, in addition to this generally weak level of remembering, an instance of systematic misremembering was consistently observed. The Queen's portrait always faces to the right on British coins. Yet in all three experiments, the proportion of participants who recalled that the portrait faces to the right was so low (overall, 19%) that it was significantly less than even the 50% baseline to be expected from people in a state of complete ignorance. It follows that the participants were not in a state of complete ignorance. Rather, they relied upon extraneous knowledge of either a general or a specific nature (bias and schema hypotheses, respectively), whose importation into this domain was in fact invalid. The resulting belief that coin portraits face left was not right.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Back to Woodworth: role of interlopers in the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

When a person reports that a word is on the tip of his or her tongue, that person often recalls instead another word that is similar in sound to the target word. Two opposite roles have been suggested for these interlopers. An older view (Woodworth, 1929) holds that they are instrumental in the development of tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states because they obstruct successful retrieval of intended targets. A more recent view (R. Brown & McNeill, 1966) holds, on the other hand, that interlopers tend to nullify TOT states by facilitating complete retrieval of the intended targets. A study is reported in which participants were explicitly presented with interloper words. The results provide two planks of support for Woodworth's hypothesis. First, more TOT states occurred when the interloper was similar in sound to the target than when it was not. Second, more TOT states occurred when the interloper was presented at the actual time of retrieval than when it was presented earlier. It appears that interlopers tend to induce TOT states by obstructing retrieval, rather than to nullify them by facilitating retrieval.

Attention↗
PubMed1985

Deep dyslexia and the right-hemisphere hypothesis for semantic paralexia: a reply to Marshall and Patterson.

Studies of deep dyslexia have conferred prominence upon observations of semantic paralexia (e.g. reading "town" as "city"). Landis et al. (Neuropsychologia 21, 359-364, 1983) have reported evidence indicating that such errors arise in the right hemisphere. However, Marshall and Patterson (Neuropsychologia 21, 425-427, 1983) have advanced both empirical and theoretical arguments against this interpretation: the present paper examines these arguments and finds them seriously flawed. It therefore concludes in favour of the right-hemisphere hypothesis for semantic paralexia.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1985

Deep dyslexia, imageability, and ease of predication.

A development of existing theories of deep dyslexia is outlined. It proposes that the effects of imageability upon the ease of reading of words by deep dyslexics occur as a result of variation in the ease with which individual words summon semantic predicates, on the basis of which reading responses can be made. Ease-of-predication scores are obtained for a corpus of nouns and found to be, as hypothesized, closely related to imageability scores. It is shown that the other major characteristics of deep dyslexia can also be accounted for by this proposed mechanism. These include the well-established effects of syntactic category (in particular, of the distinction between content and function words) upon reading. Further evidence is provided that this effect may be attributed to variation in ease of predication.

Dyslexia↗
PubMed1983

On double dissociation of function.

In this note, the important neuropsychological paradigm of double dissociation is reviewed. It is suggested that it may be useful to view double dissociation as a type of crossover interaction. Implications of this view for conceptual and statistical analysis are briefly discussed.

Brain↗
PubMed1979

Negative recency and measurement of primary memory.

The technique of Waugh & Norman (1965) is widely used in measuring the capacity of primary memory. Watkins (1974) has proposed a modification of the technique which takes into account registration failure. A further modification is proposed which takes into account findings of negative recency in delayed recall.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic regulation of placental function: a quantitative in situ hybridization study of calcium binding protein (calbindin-D9k) and calcium ATPase mRNAs in sheep placenta.

The calcium requirement of the ovine fetus increases progressively throughout pregnancy. The 9-kDa calcium binding protein (calbindin-D9k; 9CBP) is considered to be a reliable marker for epithelia mediating calcium transport. This quantitative in situ hybridization study shows that the levels of 9CBP mRNA show a pregnancy stage-related increase which correlates with fetal calcium demand only in maternal endometrial gland and fetal interplacentomal trophoblast epithelia. Levels of 9CBP mRNA in the placentome, which has by far the greater area of maternofetal contact, show no changes during pregnancy. mRNA for the CaATPase enzyme, a second requirement for calcium transport, is shown to be present in epithelia in interplacentomal and placentomal regions but shows no change in concentration as pregnancy progresses. Results with the 9CBP and CaATPase mRNAs confirm our recent immunocytochemical results with ruminant placenta and indicate the basis for a cellular calcium transport system analogous to that in the enterocyte. The interplacentomal trophoblast system appears to be eminently suitable for investigations of details of the cellular mechanism and control of epithelial calcium transport.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of cultured thymic tissues for the regeneration of the thymus.

An account of research conducted on the transplantation of thymic cells and tissues in order to restore the functional activity of the thymus is reviewed, and discussed in the context of current concepts. Although most rodent work has been conducted on the transplantation of cultured fragments under the kidney capsule, human transplantation studies and models have used other sites or other species such as the severe combined immunodeficient mouse as hosts. The factors affecting the growth of thymic cells in culture is considered in detail since the methodology can strongly influence the cells favoured under culture conditions. An extension of this work to characterize both thymic fragments implanted under the kidney capsule of rats and cultured thymic cells has recently led to the appreciation that the adult thymus must contain a small number of neural crest-like cells. These cells have a high level of proliferation in the implanted fragments, expand in culture, and belong to a family of cytokeratin-positive cells exhibiting immunoreactivity for a wide range of neuropeptides and transmitters. Thus primary cultures of thymus can contain a wide range of glia-like cells. This can be explained by the fact that the thymus, in addition to having a mesenchymal neural crest component, is probably derived from cardiac neural crest. Closely associated neural crest also has glia-like properties (the supporting cells of the enteric nervous system). These finding can account for the large number of reports of epithelial cells of the adult thymus being immunoreactive to antibodies raised to neuroendocrine and neurotransmitters. Neuroimmune interactions in the thymus are more fundamental than previous work had suggested.

Animals↗