Mechanism of action of Clostridium difficile toxin B: role of external medium and cytoskeletal organization in intoxicated cells.
Toxin B, an exotoxin produced by Clostridium difficile, induces the rounding-up and arborization of cultured mammalian cells, a typical effect which resembles that provoked by cytochalasins. In this study, the effect of toxin B was examined on astroglial cells grown in primary culture. A specific antiserum to toxin B was used to investigate its mechanisms of action. We found that the toxin exerts its effects on cell morphology after its incorporation into cells. The internalization of toxin B requires the presence of calcium ions in the extracellular medium. Replacement of NaCl with sucrose or with potassium glutamate prevents the internalization of the toxin. The direct introduction of calcium ions into cells by the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulates toxin-induced morphological changes. In contrast, toxin-induced morphological transformations were prevented in cells treated with tumor-promoting phorbol. esters or with dibutyryl-cAMP, although such treatment did not abolish the internalization of the toxin. As in the other cell types, the earliest effect of toxin B on astrocyte cytoskeleton is the disruption of actin filaments, without no visible alteration of intermediate filament nor microtubule networks. As astrocytes with toxin-induced stellate morphology survive toxin treatment, the progression of cell morphology and cytoskeleton organization were followed for several weeks. Twenty-six days after exposure to toxin B, stellate astrocytes have processes which were markedly longer and much more branched than those of cells freshly exposed to toxin. At that time, cells are still devoid of F-actin as assessed with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin and only 70% contain vimentin while all astrocytes present in control cultures express vimentin. Some flat epithelioid astrocytes with prominent bundles of microfilaments reappear during the second week after toxin treatment. Our results show that Clostridium difficile toxin B is internalized into brain astrocytes in culture where it acts by modifying cytoskeletal elements. Its cytopathic effects are reversible. Although actin-related components of the cytoskeleton are the major target of toxin B, other cytoskeletal elements also seem to be affected.