Memory-influenced biases in gymnastic judging occur across different prior processing conditions.
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Female↗
Biomedical subjects
G Taylor
Publications and source records attributed to G Taylor.
Breast disease and undergraduate medical education: a randomized trial to assess the effect of a home study module on medical student performance.
BACKGROUND: This study sought to demonstrate the effectiveness of a home study module (HSM) on student performance at a large urban medical school. METHOD: Second-year students were randomized to receive: 1) a HSM in addition to regular teaching of clinical breast examination or, 2) the regular teaching alone. The HSM included adult learning principles, problem-based learning, and practice guidelines. Students completed a pretest, a post-test, and course evaluation. The pre- and post-tests examined students' knowledge and comfort levels. RESULTS: Of 176 students, 136 agreed to participate and 127 completed both pre- and post-tests. Baseline pretest indicated no significant difference between the intervention and control groups. Post-test showed that students receiving the HSM gained significantly more knowledge than had the control group, and their comfort levels shifted nonsignificantly more. Student evaluations indicated perceived value of the HSM. INTERPRETATION: Student performance can be enhanced and comfort levels increased by providing a critical core of knowledge in the form of a HSM. This approach may be applicable to other important subjects.
Breast Diseases↗
X-ray crystal structure of a monoclonal antibody that binds to a major autoantigenic epitope on thyroid peroxidase.
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) catalyzes the production of thyroid hormones and is a major autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). It is believed that the majority of TPO autoantibodies bind to an immunodominant region consisting of two overlapping domains. Precise location of these domains would help our understanding of the interaction between TPO and TPO autoantibodies. 4F5 is a mouse monoclonal antibody (IgG1, kappa) that reacts with high affinity (2.6 x 10(10) mol/L(-1)) with one of the major autoantigenic regions on TPO. Heavy chain genes of 4F5 were from the VH1 germline gene family, germline genes for the D region could not be assigned and the J region was from the JH2 germline. Light chain genes were from Vkappa4/5 and Jkappa2, germline gene families. The Fab fragment of 4F5 was prepared by papain digestion, purified, crystallized, and the structure solved to 1.9 A using molecular replacement. The refined structure had an R factor of 19.5% and a free R factor of 23.9%. Deduced amino acid sequence and amino acid sequence obtained from diffraction analysis were compared and used to finalize the 4F5 Fab model. Structural analysis indicated that the structure of 4F5 is that of a standard Fab and its combining site is flat and is rich in tyrosine residues. Comparison of the structure of 4F5 with that of a TPO autoantibody Fab, TR1.9 suggests that the two antibodies are unlikely to recognise the same structures on TPO.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis: outcome in 340 patients.
OBJECTIVE: The longterm outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains unclear. Concern has been expressed regarding joint survival, given that recipients are young and active. We present outcome data on 340 THA after a mean followup of 14 years. METHODS: The 6.7% of patients (n = 309: 237 contactable) who had undergone THA were identified from our database of 4569 subjects. Responses were received from 166 subjects (112 men, 54 women, M:F = 2:1) who were assessed for employment status and outcome [i.e., pain, mobility, satisfaction, disease activity (BASDAI), function (BASFI), and global well being (BAS-G)]. A non-THA AS control group was matched for age, sex, and disease duration. RESULTS: The mean age at AS disease onset for THA recipients was 19.5 yrs compared to 24.4 yrs for the total database (p < 0.05). The mean age at the first THA was 40.0 yrs. Of the 340 THA, 276 were primary (bilateral in 66%) and 64 were revisions. The mean followup for THA was 14.0 yrs (range 1-52). Overall, for the 340 THA, the patients considered outcome to be very good in 85%. In relation to the matched control group, THA patients were comparable for BASDAI, but had poorer function (p < 0.05) and lower global well being (p < 0.05). Of the 80 men under 60 years of age, 39 (49%) were employed compared to 49 (68%) of the control group (p < 0.01). Survival of original THA and revisions after 10, 15, and 20 yrs was 90%, 78%, 64%, respectively (originals), and 73%, 55%, 55%, respectively (revisions). CONCLUSION: The longterm outcome of THA in AS is outstanding. THA recipients have a younger age at onset than nonrecipients. The longterm survival characteristics of THA in young patients with AS is excellent.
Adult↗
Supervised training for intending general practice trainers.
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Humans↗
Inflammatory eye, skin, and bowel disease in spondyloarthritis: genetic, phenotypic, and environmental factors.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the nature of the interrelationship between inflammatory disease of the spine/joints, skin, eye, and bowel [i.e., ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriasis, iritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)]. METHODS: The study used 4 approaches: (1) analysis of the prevalence of secondary disorders within the AS individual (chi-square and matched pair analysis); (2) study of the temporal relationship between the onset of the different conditions; (3) evaluation of the prevalence of disease among first degree relatives; and (4) influence of secondary disorders on outcome of AS. RESULTS: 1. Among 3287 patients with AS, more than expected had either spondylitis associated with multiple co-disorders or pure AS (with no co-diseases); fewer than expected had AS plus a single co-disease (chi-square = 32.2, p < 0.001). In a matched pair analysis, patients with AS and a secondary disorder were more likely to have an additional concomitant disease, e.g., IBD-AS (n = 335) patients had a higher prevalence of iritis [45.4% vs 36.7%; OR 1.4 (1.1-2.0)] or psoriasis [23.9% vs 14.3%; OR 1.9 (1.3-2.8)] than controls. 2. Among our database subjects, the symptomatic onset of the spinal disease precedes or is contemporaneous with gut, skin, and eye involvement (matched pair t test, p < 0.001). 3. Patients with multiple disorders predict the highest prevalence of co-diseases (i.e., psoriasis, IBD, iritis, or AS) within family members, followed by those AS patients with only IBD, psoriasis, or iritis in descending order. 4. Both psoriasis and IBD increase severity in terrms of function and disease activity of AS in the patient. Radiological change is greatest for those AS subjects with iritis. CONCLUSION: There is a striking overlap within patients and family members of rheumatological, dermatological, and gastroenterological diseases. The susceptibility genes of these co-disorders appear to overlap with each other and with AS: 1. A patient with 2 inflammatory conditions is at an increased risk of developing an additional related inflammatory disorder. 2. Those with enteropathic spondylarthritis would appear to carry the greatest genetic load in terms of first degree relatives developing inflammatory conditions (including psoriasis and iritis that are not seen in the index IBD-AS patient). 3. The secondary disorders do not precede AS (arguing against psoriasis and IBD allowing for an environmental conduit to pathogenic triggers in AS). The susceptibility factors for these inflammatory conditions may be additive or have a synergistic effect on each other. There is evidence for a shared gene hypothesis.
Age of Onset↗
Respiratory syncytial virus infection of gene gun vaccinated mice induces Th2-driven pulmonary eosinophilia even in the absence of sensitisation to the fusion (F) or attachment (G) protein.
Complete protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was induced in mice vaccinated on two occasions with 2.5 microg of DNA, encoding the fusion (F) protein of RSV, precipitated onto gold microbeads. In contrast, immunisation with DNA encoding the attachment (G) protein of RSV resulted in a significant reduction in viral load following infection, but did not afford complete protection. Gene gun delivery of DNA-F elicited a T helper-2 (Th2) biased immune response that could not be modulated by the co-delivery of plasmids encoding IL-2, IL-12 or IFNgamma. Similarly gene gun delivery of DNA-G primed a Th2 response. Thus, all gene gun vaccinated mice produced a predominant Th2 biased pulmonary immune response characterised by the production of IL-4 and IL-5 with little IFNgamma following RSV challenge. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, 5 days post challenge, indicated that there was only a two-fold increase in the number of inflammatory cells in vaccinated compared with control animals. Despite the strong Th2 cytokine bias of lung lymphocytes and the predominant recruitment of CD4(+) T cells, following challenge, there was not a marked pulmonary eosinophilic response (range from 2 to 7% of BAL). In contrast, the BAL from mice vaccinated with control plasmid contained significantly more eosinophils than any other group.
Animals↗
Renal involvement of human parvovirus B19 in an immunocompetent host.
Human parvovirus B19, which is most commonly known to cause erythema infectiosum in children, is also known to cause infection in adults, with complications ranging from a self-limited polyarthropathy in immunocompetent patients to hydrops fetalis in pregnant women, transient aplastic crises in patients with chronic hemolytic anemias, and chronic aplastic anemia in immunocompromised hosts. We describe a previously healthy immunocompetent woman who presented with manifestations of acute parvovirus B19 infection.
Adult↗
VIII International Congress of the Metastasis Research Society.
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Gene Expression↗
Involvement of follicular stem cells in forming not only the follicle but also the epidermis.
The location of follicular and epidermal stem cells in mammalian skin is a crucial issue in cutaneous biology. We demonstrate that hair follicular stem cells, located in the bulge region, can give rise to several cell types of the hair follicle as well as upper follicular cells. Moreover, we devised a double-label technique to show that upper follicular keratinocytes emigrate into the epidermis in normal newborn mouse skin, and in adult mouse skin in response to a penetrating wound. These findings indicate that the hair follicle represents a major repository of keratinocyte stem cells in mouse skin, and that follicular bulge stem cells are potentially bipotent as they can give rise to not only the hair follicle, but also the epidermis.
Animals↗
Comparison of in vitro and in vivo efficiencies of a novel unit-dose liquid aerosol generator and a pressurized metered dose inhaler.
Gamma scintigraphic imaging was employed in 10 healthy volunteers to compare the total and regional lung deposition of aerosols generated by two delivery platforms that permitted microprocessor-controlled actuation at an optimal point during inhalation. An aqueous solution containing 99mTc-DTPA was used to assess the deposition of aerosols delivered by inhalation from two successive unit-dosage forms (44 microl volume) using a prototype of a novel liquid aerosol system (AERx Pulmonary Delivery System). This was compared with aerosol deposition after inhalation of two 50 microl puffs of a 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled solution formulation from a pressurized metered dose inhaler (MDI). The in vitro size characteristics of the radiolabeled aerosols were determined by cascade impaction. For the AERx system, the predicted lung delivery efficiency based on the product of emitted dose (60.8%, coefficient of variation (CV)=12%) and fine particle fraction (% by mass of aerosol particles <5.7 microm in diameter) was 53.3% (CV=13%). For the solution MDI, the emitted dose was 62.9% (CV=13%) and the predicted lung dose was 44. 9% (CV=15%). The AERx system demonstrated efficient and reproducible dosing characteristics in vivo. Of the dose loaded into the device, the mean percent reaching the lungs was 53.3% (CV=10%), with only 6. 9% located in the oropharynx/stomach. In contrast, the lung deposition from the solution MDI was significantly less (21.7%) and more variable (CV=31%), with 42.0% of the radiolabel detected in the oropharynx/stomach. Analysis of the regional deposition of the radioaerosol indicated a homogeneous pattern of deposition after delivery from the AERx system. A predominantly central pattern of distribution occurred after MDI delivery, where the pattern of deposition was biased towards a central zone depicting the conducting airways. The AERx system, in contrast to MDIs, seems highly suited to the delivery of systemically active agents via pulmonary administration.
Adult↗
Prodrug to probe solution HFA pMDI formulation and pulmonary esterase activity.
A novel salbutamol prodrug was synthesised. Solubility in HFA-134a and susceptibility to rat lung homogenate, blood and plasma esterase enzymes were investigated. Whereas salbutamol had a very low solubility in HFA-134a, the prodrug was found to be miscible in all proportions. In lung homogenate, the prodrug hydrolysed with a half-life of 45 min, re-generating approximately 17% of expected salbutamol after 8 h incubation. The use of a solution pMDI for pulmonary delivery of the salbutamol prodrug is predicted to result in liberation of salbutamol in the lungs following in vivo hydrolysis by lung esterases.
Aerosol Propellants↗
De novo 46,XX,t(6;7)(q27;q11;23) associated with severe cardiovascular manifestations characteristic of supravalvular aortic stenosis and Williams syndrome.
Supravalvular aortic stenosis may present as an isolated finding or as part of Williams syndrome. Williams syndrome is a contiguous gene syndrome associated with neurodevelopmental and multisystemic manifestations caused by hemizygous deletion at 7q11.23. We report on the prenatal and histopathological findings in a patient with a chromosome translocation involving the Williams syndrome critical region. The initial abnormality on fetal ultrasound was hydrops fetalis detected at 30 weeks and echocardiography showed narrowing of the aorta and the pulmonary arteries. The baby died shortly after delivery and an autopsy revealed diffuse tubular thickening with luminal narrowing of the aorta, aortic branches, and the pulmonary arteries. Histopathology showed dysplasia of the media with reduced elastic content and "cartwheel" arrangement of collagen, elastic, and muscle fascicles. The karyotype was 46,XX,t(6;7)(q27;q11.23). Three signals were detected using the Oncor fluorescent in situ hybridization probe for elastin-Williams syndrome (WSCR) suggesting that the break in chromosome 7 is within the elastin-Williams gene. This patient is of special interest because of the prenatal presentation and the chromosomal translocation involving the elastin-Williams syndrome locus.
Aortic Valve Stenosis↗
Crystal structure of the multifunctional paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase.
Paramyxoviruses are the main cause of respiratory disease in children. One of two viral surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), has several functions in addition to being the major surface antigen that induces neutralizing antibodies. Here we present the crystal structures of Newcastle disease virus HN alone and in complex with either an inhibitor or with the beta-anomer of sialic acid. The inhibitor complex reveals a typical neuraminidase active site within a beta-propeller fold. Comparison of the structures of the two complexes reveal differences in the active site, suggesting that the catalytic site is activated by a conformational switch. This site may provide both sialic acid binding and hydrolysis functions since there is no evidence for a second sialic acid binding site in HN. Evidence for a single site with dual functions is examined and supported by mutagenesis studies. The structure provides the basis for the structure-based design of inhibitors for a range of paramyxovirus-induced diseases.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
An investigation of the solubility of various compounds in the hydrofluoroalkane propellants and possible model liquid propellants.
The aims of this study were to investigate descriptive parameters that may predict the solubility of compounds in the hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants and to identify a model HFA propellant that is liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The solubility of 32 and 20 compounds chosen to give a wide range of physicochemical properties in HFA-134a and HFA-227, respectively, was measured. The Fedors solubility parameter and a computed log octanol water partition coefficient (CLOGP) were compared with the compounds' solubility in the HFA propellants. A total of 19 and 15 solutes had finite solubilities for HFA-134a and HFA-227, respectively, although the remaining solutes were miscible in all proportions. There was no apparent relation between solubility in HFA and the Fedors solubility parameter. This was not improved by considering the hydrogen-bonding potential of the compounds. When log solubility versus CLOGP was plotted, there was a linear relation for 16 and 12 of the compounds exhibiting a finite solubility in the HFA propellants, although four solutes (phenols) were displaced to the left of the linear relation. The remaining 3 compounds had much lower solubilities than was predicted from their CLOGPs, possibly as a consequence of their crystallinity (high melting points). Of the putative model propellants investigated (i.e., perfluorohexane (PFH), 1H-perfluorohexane [1H-PFH], and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol), 1H-PFH was the most promising, with a linear relation between solubility in 1H-PFH and solubility in HFA propellant being observed. The solubilities in 1H-PFH were approximately 11 and 26% of those in HFA-134a and HFA-227.
Aerosol Propellants↗
Sexual harassment: everyday violence in the lives of girls and women.
Sexual harassment is one of the most insidious, yet pervasive, forms of violence that affects all girls, not merely those traditionally thought to be vulnerable or at risk. Although harassment in the workplace has been the focus of considerable attention during the last decade, there is a growing recognition that girls experience varied forms of sexual harassment, and that this behavior begins at a surprisingly early age. This article examines the plight of the "girl child" and presents findings from the first phase of a national action research project currently being conducted by the Canadian Alliance of Five Research Centres on Violence. A major objective of this project is to examine how violence becomes "normalized" in the lives of girls and young women. Implications for nurses, including strategies aimed at encouraging resistance among this population, are addressed.
Adolescent↗
Are deluded people unusually prone to illusory correlation?
This study reexamines the possibility that paranoid individuals are unusually prone to perceive illusory correlations. The authors use emotionally neutral word pairs to examine the illusory correlation phenomenon in three diagnostic groups: nonparanoid schizophrenia (n = 10), paranoid schizophrenia or delusional disorder (n = 9), and depression (n = 10). A one-way analysis of variance shows that the three groups do not differ in their tendency to make illusory correlations. Three separate t tests that compare the data from each of the clinical groups in this study with normative data again reveal no significant difference. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Adult↗