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Biomedical subjects

G Taylor

Publications and source records attributed to G Taylor.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Clinical experience with CA-50 in the serum of carcinoma patients.

A radioimmunoassay was used for the detection of the human carcinoma-associated antigen CA-50 in the serum of 60 normal subjects, 236 patients with benign disease and 482 patients with carcinomas of different type. Serum levels in all normal subjects and 220 of 236 patients (93%) with benign disease were below 17 units/ml, while 269 of 482 patients (56%) with carcinoma had CA-50 levels above 17 units/ml. This tumour marker may prove useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with various carcinomas.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1989

Human mononuclear cell function after 4 degrees C storage during 1-G and microgravity conditions of spaceflight.

Future space missions of long duration may require that autologous leukocytes be stored in flight for infusion to restore normal immune competence in crewmembers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs), as leukocyte concentrates in autologous plasma and 2% dextrose, were stored in the microgravity conditions provided by the U.S. Space Shuttle Columbia (Mission 61-C). Activity of PBMNC after space flight was compared with that from a series of preflight ground control experiments, which demonstrated in culture a progressive daily loss in mitogen-stimulated protein synthesis at 24 h and thymidine uptake at 72 h after storage for 7 d at 4 degrees C. Post-storage viabilities were at least 90% as determined by trypan dye exclusion. A progressive reduction in the percentage of PBMNC expressing cell-surface phenotype markers, which was similar for monocytes, B cells, and T-cell subsets, also occurred after storage. The ability of PBMNC, stored for 8 d in Columbia's middeck, to become activated and proliferate in vitro was similar to that of cells that remained in identical flight lockers on the ground as 1-G controls, thus indicating that PBMNCs were not adversely affected by storage under microgravity conditions.

Benzoates↗
PubMed1989

Effect of vaccination on cell populations in lung washes from calves after infection with respiratory syncytial virus.

The inflammatory response in the air-passages of the lungs of calves after intranasal inoculation with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was compared in RSV-vaccinated and control animals. Total cells recovered from lung washings remained the same; however, the fold by eight days after infection and the type of cells changed from a predominance (85 per cent) of macrophages to equal proportions of macrophages and neutrophils (45 per cent) during the course of infection. The absolute numbers of neutrophils rose by 15-fold. In contrast, when RSV-vaccinated calves were challenged, the total number of cells recovered from lung washings remained the same; however, the numbers of macrophages decreased and the numbers of neutrophils increased by fivefold. Cytological studies of the lung washings revealed no evidence of an exacerbated inflammatory response in RSV-vaccinated calves. Levels of virus replication were significantly reduced in RSV-vaccinated compared with control animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Failure of preoperative cultures to predict development of Staphylococcus aureus wound infections after cardiac surgery.

To assess the predictive value of preoperative surveillance cultures for the postoperative development of Staphylococcus aureus wound infection, the findings in 563 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery were evaluated. One hundred and forty-seven (26%) were found to be S. aureus carriers preoperatively. Postoperatively, 11 S. aureus wound infections developed, 4 in patients whose cultures were positive preoperatively and 7 in patients whose cultures were negative preoperatively. The patient's endogenous flora appears to be the source of only a minority of such postoperative infections. The authors conclude that preoperative surveillance cultures are not of value in predicting patients at risk for wound infection after elective cardiac surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Clinical predictors of response in metastatic germ cell tumors.

Twenty-two patients with bulky, metastatic germ cell tumors were treated with cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, dactinomycin, bleomycin, and cisplatin (VAB) alternating with VP-16 and vincristine (VV). The overall complete response rate after chemotherapy with or without surgical excision of residual tissue was 63% (14 of 22 patients) with a median survival of 46 months. Five patients are dead of disease progression and three are alive beyond 3 years with only residual radiographic abnormalities. A retrospective analysis of prognostic variables (numbers of sites of disease, tumor marker levels) using two previously published prognosis formulas demonstrated a good correlation between prognostic variables (numbers of sites of disease, tumor marker levels) and the clinical assessment of prognosis based on tumor bulk and tumor marker level. Nevertheless, individual patients with other, unknown prognostic features may be incorrectly evaluated using either established formulas or clinical assessment of tumor bulk.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1988

Progressive loss of phenotypic proteins in mature granulocytes before the onset of blast crisis in human chronic myelogenous leukemia.

A combined high-performance liquid chromatography-sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis method for the study of the phenotypic protein patterns of mature blood granulocytes was previously described. With the use of this method in the present study, the progression of human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) from the stable to the blast crisis stage was shown to be accompanied by a progressive decrease in the amounts of cell membrane and granule phenotypic proteins in mature granulocytes. Survival time from the initial diagnosis was significantly shorter for CML patients whose levels of granulocyte phenotypic proteins were below the normal range compared with survival time for those patients whose levels were normal or higher than normal. The data suggest that these changes in mature granulocytes serve as useful diagnostic indicators of an impending blast crisis in CML patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Operation Everest II: alterations in the immune system at high altitudes.

We investigated the effects on immune function after progressive hypobaric hypoxia simulating an ascent to 25,000 ft (7620 m) over 4 weeks. Multiple simultaneous in vitro and in vivo immunologic variables were obtained from subjects at sea level, 7500 ft (2286 m), and 25,000 ft during a decompression chamber exposure. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated thymidine uptake and protein synthesis in mononuclear cells were reduced at extreme altitudes. Mononuclear-cell subset analysis by flow cytometry disclosed an increase in monocytes without changes in B cells or T-cell subsets. Plasma IgM and IgA but not IgG levels were increased at altitudes, whereas pokeweed mitogen-stimulated in vitro IgG, IgA, and IgM secretion was unchanged. During exposure to 25,000 ft, in vitro phytohemagglutinin-stimulated interferon production and natural killer-cell cytotoxicity did not change statistically, but larger intersubject differences occurred. IgA and lysozyme levels (nasal wash) and serum antibodies to nuclear antigens were not influenced by altitude exposure. These results suggest that T-cell activation is blunted during exposure to severe hypoxemia, whereas B-cell function and mucosal immunity are not. Although the mechanism of altered in vitro immune responsiveness after exposure to various environmental stressors has not been elucidated in humans, hypoxia may induce alterations in immune regulation as suggested by in vitro immune assays of effector-cell function.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Esophageal atresia--a rabbit model to study anastomotic healing and the use of tissue adhesive fibrin sealant.

The problem of bringing together two relatively widely separated, small, and fragile ends of a sick newborn baby's atretic esophagus remains a formidable surgical task, wherein the incidence of anastomotic leakage ranges from 10% to 27%. Recently, a multicomponent tissue adhesive fibrin sealant (Tisseel) has been licensed in Canada and declared useful for sealing gastrointestinal (GI) tract anastomoses. To study whether Tisseel might decrease the leakage rate of esophageal anastomoses in neonatal esophageal atresia and perhaps limit stricture formation, a rabbit model of esophageal atresia was developed. Twenty New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.8 to 3.7 kg underwent thoracotomy and resection of a segment of esophagus with end-to-end, interrupted silk-sutured anastomosis under tension, to mimic the conditions found in newborn esophageal atresia. Four died immediately following operation. Ten rabbits had their anastomosis sealed with Tisseel, six control animals did not. All animals consumed variable amounts of water and food, starting 24 hours after surgery. Survival averaged 10.5 days (range, 5 to 20 days). Eight animals (five experimental, three control) were evaluated by means of barium esophagograms 1 week postoperatively, and all except one control animal demonstrated radiologic evidence of anastomotic leakage. Autopsy specimens revealed gross leakage in nine animals (seven experimental, two control). However, histology revealed leakage and periesophageal abscess formation in all experimental animals and in four control animals. The remaining two controls revealed only some degree of esophageal stenosis. This experiment showed no demonstrable benefit from the use of a fibrin sealant in preventing esophageal anastomotic leakage, such as that which occurs in repaired esophageal atresia.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1988

Inflammatory pseudotumors in children.

Inflammatory pseudotumors are so named because they mimic malignant tumors clinically and radiologically. Most often seen in the lungs of young adults, they consist of localized proliferations of mononuclear inflammatory cells and myofibroblasts. There are scattered reports of these tumors occurring in various sites in children. We report five cases of these rare lesions in children; four arising intraabdominally and one in the lung. In contrast to the usual presentation in adulthood, these children were all previously healthy. One child, with the tumor arising from the urinary bladder, was originally diagnosed as having a malignant sarcoma and underwent pelvic exenteration and chemotherapy for this subsequently-proven benign lesion. Local recurrence occurred in one case. Total excision is indicated and is usually possible without unacceptable morbidity. Our cases and a review of the literature point out the importance of pathologic differentiation of these lesions from malignancy with early appropriate surgery.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Assisted ventilation using cuirass respirators.

The effects of cuirass-assisted ventilation have been studied in 25 subjects with chest wall disease. Cuirass respirators increase ventilation in proportion to the peak negative pressure within the cuirass shell and the respiratory rate. Positive pressure applied during expiration produces little additional ventilation. During cuirass-assisted ventilation end-expiratory volume increases, arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) falls and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) rises. Cardiac output is unchanged. Paradoxical chest wall motion is corrected by cuirass-assisted ventilation and restriction of chest wall expansion by the cuirass shell is minimal. Jacket-type respirators can produce larger tidal volumes than the cuirass at the same peak negative pressure, but are associated with greater air leakage.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Protection against respiratory disease in calves induced by vaccines containing respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza type 3 virus, Mycoplasma bovis and M dispar.

A field trial to assess the ability of two vaccines to protect calves against respiratory disease was carried out on a large beef rearing unit in southern England over the two winters of 1983 to 1984 and 1984 to 1985. A quadrivalent vaccine containing the killed antigens of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus type 3, Mycoplasma bovis and M dispar or a vaccine containing only the respiratory syncytial virus component were inoculated into 246 and 245 calves, respectively; 245 calves remained as unvaccinated controls. The calves were reared in seven batches and outbreaks of disease occurred in five; significant protection was achieved in the four batches in which disease was associated with respiratory syncytial virus and M bovis infection, together or independently. The death rate from pneumonia was 9 per cent in the control group, 2 per cent in the calves inoculated with the quadrivalent vaccine (P less than 0.001), a protection rate of 77 per cent, and 3 per cent in the calves inoculated with the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (P less than 0.01), a protection rate of 68 per cent. The proportion of calves receiving treatment for respiratory disease was 38 per cent in the control group, 25 per cent in the calves inoculated with the quadrivalent vaccine (P less than 0.001) and 27 per cent in the calves inoculated with the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (P less than 0.01). The results show that protection against respiratory disease can be achieved by parenteral vaccination of calves with the appropriate inactivated microorganisms.

Animals↗