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Biomedical subjects

G St Jean

Publications and source records attributed to G St Jean.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Effects of chemical restraint on the endoscopic appearance of laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy and sensation in adult cattle.

Effects of 2 drugs commonly used for chemical restraint of cattle were evaluated for their effect on laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy, function, and response to stimuli. Eighteen adult Jersey cows, free of respiratory tract disease, were studied. Cows were assigned at random to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Endoscopic evaluations were performed before and at a predetermined time interval after administration of each drug. Responses to stimuli were evaluated by stimulating 7 preselected sites (epiglottis, left and right arytenoid cartilages, left and right vocal folds, and left and right dorsolateral pharyngeal walls) with a closed, transendoscopic biopsy probe. Xylazine HCl (0.05 mg/kg of body weight, i.v.) was administered to group-1 cows (n = 6), and endoscopy was repeated 5 minutes after administration of the drug. Xylazine (0.07 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered to group-2 cows (n = 6), and endoscopy was repeated 5 minutes after administration of the drug. Acepromazine maleate (0.035 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered to group-3 cows (n = 6), and endoscopy was repeated 10 minutes after administration of the drug. Responses to stimuli were scored as brisk (0), moderate (1), slow (2), and absent (3). Scores for responses to stimuli were compared, using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for data within groups, and a general linear models procedure, using the Kruskal-Wallis test between groups. Interobserver agreement rates were generated for each group. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Xylazine profoundly changed laryngeal sensitivity and function at both dosages. The corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilages were observed to be in a markedly adducted position after sedation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1993

Small-intestinal volvulus in cattle: 35 cases (1967-1992).

Medical records of 35 cattle with small-intestinal volvulus were reviewed. Surgical correction was performed on 32 cattle, and 17 of these cattle were discharged from the hospital. Mean duration of clinical signs for survivors was not significantly different from that for nonsurvivors, and the most commonly recorded clinical signs were abdominal pain, anorexia, lethargy, abdominal distention, and dehydration. Physical examination of cattle with intestinal volvulus revealed tachycardia, tachypnea, and normothermia. Rectal examination findings included distended small intestine, scant feces or mucus, and tight bands coursing dorsoventrally in the middle portion of the abdomen. Clinicopathologic testing revealed azotemia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, and leukocytosis with a left shift. Nonsurvivors had significantly lower mean preoperative venous blood pH and mean base excess and higher mean serum potassium concentration than did survivors. A diagnosis of volvulus of the entire small intestine was made during surgery in 25 cattle, whereas volvulus of the distal jejunum and ileum was diagnosed during surgery in 7 cattle. Survival rate following surgical correction of volvulus of the entire small intestine (44%) was not significantly different from survival rate following surgical correction of volvulus of the distal jejunum and ileum (86%). However, survival rate for dairy cattle (63%) was significantly higher than survival rate for beef cattle (22%). To determine potential risk factors for the development of small-intestinal volvulus, epidemiologic data from cattle admitted to veterinary teaching hospitals throughout North America were collected by searching records entered into the Veterinary Medical Data Base.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Digit amputation in cattle: 85 cases (1971-1990).

Medical records of 83 cattle, which had 1 or more digit amputations performed at Kansas State University and The Ohio State University veterinary hospitals between 1971 and 1990, were reviewed. Signalment, duration of lameness, prior treatment, digit involved, and pathologic condition were evaluated. Owners were contacted with regard to the animal's duration in the herd after amputation and reason for exiting the herd, level of production attained, and degree of lameness. The animal was judged to have a good, fair, or poor recovery on the basis of this information. Septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint and resulting complications were the problems most frequently treated by digit amputation. Fifty-one percent of cattle undergoing digit amputation attained preamputation production levels for a minimum of 24 months. Approximately 30% of cattle undergoing digit amputation were culled for lameness, usually within 7 months of surgery. Cattle remaining in the herd more than 12 months after amputation were unlikely to be culled for lameness, indicating that long-term breakdown of supporting structures was uncommon. Likelihood of a good recovery decreased from 71.4% in cattle weighing < or = 341 kg to 27.3% in cattle weighing > or = 682 kg. Cattle undergoing amputation of a rear medial digit were more likely to recover well than those undergoing amputation of either front digit. The most frequently performed amputation was that of a rear lateral digit, but it was associated with the poorest recovery, possibly because of the disproportionate amount of stress placed on this digit. Cattle used for dairy and beef production had approximately equal chances of a good recovery from digit amputation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1992

Cryptorchidism in North American cattle: breed predisposition and clinical findings.

The authors analyzed data collected over 26 years from 143 cryptorchid bulls admitted to 23 North American veterinary schools. Breed was found to be a risk factor. The medical records of 41 cryptorchid cattle were also obtained, and the physical examination findings, method of diagnosis, and surgical management were recorded. Polled Hereford and Shorthorn cattle were at significantly greater risk for cryptorchidism; however, polled cattle were not at an increased risk for cryptorchidism. Cryptorchidism was most commonly diagnosed by external palpation of the superficial inguinal rings and by palpation per rectum. Unilateral cryptorchidism appears to be more common than bilateral cryptorchidism. The incidence of cryptorchidism was 69% for the left testis and 31% for the right testis. Sixty-six percent of the retained testes were located in the inguinal canal. Cryptorchidectomy was performed through an inguinal, paramedian or flank approach in 26 bulls. Cryptorchidism appears to be rare in bovine bulls admitted to North American veterinary schools, with 1.7 cases per 1,000 bull admissions. We suggest that cryptorchidism be considered an inherited trait in the Shorthorn and Polled Hereford breeds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Prognostic value of surgical and postoperative findings in cattle with abomasal volvulus.

A prospective study evaluating the prognostic value of surgical and postoperative findings in 80 cattle with abomasal volvulus was performed. Surgical correction of abomasal volvulus was performed in all animals. After surgery, cattle were categorized into 3 groups: productive (acceptable milk production or appetite, n = 59), salvaged (poor milk production or appetite, n = 10), and nonsurvivors (n = 11). Cattle with omasal-abomasal volvulus had a significantly (P less than 0.005) worse prognosis than cattle without omasal involvement. Large abomasal fluid volume, venous thrombosis, and blue or black abomasal color before decompression were all indicative of a poor prognosis. Most cattle had poor or fair appetites the first day after surgery; productive animals had marked improvement in appetite over the next 3 days. All cattle observed to have a good appetite within 3 days after surgery were later determined to be productive animals. The heart rate decreased in all groups after surgery; however, tachycardia (heart rate greater than 80 beats/min) was sustained in cattle that were later salvaged for slaughter. Diarrhea was observed after surgery in 54% of cattle. The duration of diarrhea was significantly shorter (P = 0.009) in productive cattle than in salvaged and nonsurviving cattle. The presence or absence of diarrhea was only of predictive value when considered in conjunction with the estimated abomasal fluid volume.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1991

Preoperative prognostic indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus.

A prospective study evaluating preoperative prognostic indicators in 80 cattle with abomasal volvulus was done. Surgical correction of the abomasal volvulus was performed in all animals. After surgery, cattle were categorized into 3 groups: productive (acceptable milk production or appetite, n = 59), salvaged (poor milk production or appetite, n = 10), and nonsurvivors (n = 11). Mean values for study variables did not differ significantly between salvaged and nonsurvivor groups. Cattle in these 2 groups were combined to form a nonproductive group, which was compared with the productive group. Productive cattle had a significantly lower preoperative heart rate than nonproductive cattle, were less dehydrated, had lower serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and serum creatinine concentration, more frequent rumen contractions, higher serum Na+ and Cl- concentrations, and had been inappetent for a shorter period. Significant differences were not detected in blood pH, base excess, anion gap, PCV, and serum K+ concentrations between the 2 groups. Feces from nonproductive cattle tended to be reduced in volume and were significantly darker. A number of preoperative prognostic indices were evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (+PV) of each variable and by using logistic regression. Positive predictive values were generally higher in identifying productive cattle than nonproductive cattle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abomasum↗
PubMed1990

Clinical and electrocardiographic characterization of cattle with atrial premature complexes.

Atrial premature complexes (APC) were identified in 16 cows over a 2-year period. Fourteen cows had concurrent gastrointestinal disease. Variation in the intensity of the first heart sound and an occasionally irregular heart rhythm were evident during thoracic auscultation. Neither cardiac murmurs nor pulse deficits were detected in any cows, and clinical signs of heart failure were lacking. Three cows had APC immediately prior to or after development of atrial fibrillation. The heart rate when APC were diagnosed ranged from 48 to 124 beats/min (mean, 77 +/- 20 beats/min), and the APC frequency ranged from less than 1 to 23/min (mean 9.4 +/- 8.0). The P-wave morphologic characteristics in 4 cows with APC was abnormal. The coupling index of the APC varied between 0.44 and 0.95, with a mean of 0.73. Aberrant ventricular activation was usually associated with a short coupling interval (coupling index less than 0.60) and was observed in 3 cows. Ten cows were determined to be hypocalcemic and 4 cows hypokalemic when APC were identified. Atrial ectopic activity could not be detected in 12 cows after resolution of the concurrent gastrointestinal disorder or electrolyte abnormality. Atrial premature complexes may be a functional cardiac disorder in cattle, unrelated to structural heart disease. The potential for APC to progress to sustained atrial arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation should be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Decision making in bovine abdominal surgery.

This article describes the signs, hematologic alterations, and methods of diagnosis of digestive disorders that may be treated surgically. The necessity for surgical intervention is analyzed, based on clinical experience and current knowledge. The prognosis for surgical correction of common digestive problems and prognostic indicators for abomasal volvulus are described. Decision analysis for digestive surgery is reviewed, with examples for abomasal displacement and volvulus. Preoperative preparation for abdominal surgery--including facilities, equipment, supportive therapy, and distinction between elective and emergency surgery--is discussed briefly. The four most common surgical approaches for abdominal surgery are reviewed, and their indications noted.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1990

Caudal epidural analgesia induced by xylazine administration in cows.

Xylazine (0.05 mg/kg of body weight diluted to a 5-ml volume, using 0.9% NaCl) or 5 ml of 0.9% NaCl was administered epidurally into the first caudal intervertebral space (Co1-Co2) in 8 cows (mean +/- SD body weight, 583 +/- 150 kg). Cows were observed for responses to deep needle pricking of the caudal dermatomes (S3 to Co), sedation, and ataxia. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, rate of ruminal contractions, coccygeal arterial blood pressure, pHa, blood gas tension (PaO2, PaCO2), base excess, total solids concentration, and PCV were determined before and after xylazine administration. Epidurally administered xylazine induced sedation and selective (S3 to Co) analgesia for at least 2 hours. Mild ataxia of hind limbs was observed in 6 cows, but all cows remained standing. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rate of ruminal contractions, arterial blood pressure, PaO2, PCV, and total solids concentration were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased, and PaCO2, base excess, and bicarbonate concentration were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased after xylazine administration. Epidurally administered 0.9% NaCl did not alter sensory perception to needle pricking and did not affect any of the physiologic variables determined. Although epidural administration of xylazine induced analgesia and sedation in healthy cows, it should be avoided for epidural analgesia in cattle with heart disease, lung disease, and/or gastrointestinal disease because of its potent cardiopulmonary and ruminal depressant effects.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1989

Repair of fracture of the proximal portion of the radius and ulna in a llama.

Repair of a comminuted fracture of the proximal portion of the radius and ulna in a 4-month-old llama was achieved by use of internal fixation. An 8-hole narrow dynamic compression plate was applied to the lateral aspect of the radius and a 7-hole narrow dynamic compression plate was applied to the cranial aspect of the radius. One year after surgery, the llama had a normal gait and the cosmetic appearance of the limb was excellent.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of three intestinal cannulas used to obtain repeated biopsy of the jejunal mucosa in the newborn calf.

This project was designed to develop a standardized cannulation technique which would allow repeated jejunal mucosal biopsy. Three intestinal cannulas of various designs were evaluated in a total of 25 neonatal calves. Cannula A, a T-design made of acrylic plastic, was implanted into the jejunum (2) or duodenum (7). Cannula A did not allow proper directional passage of the biopsy instrument. Peritonitis was diagnosed at necropsy in 4 calves. Cannula B, a modification of A with an angled port to facilitate the directional passage of the biopsy instrument, also proved unsatisfactory. This cannula required a larger enterotomy for placement and resulted in the death of 1 calf. Cannula C was made of tygon tubing with a proxplast mesh flange which was sutured to the serosal surface of the intestine. No intestinal leakage was observed in 14 calves fitted with this cannula. This cannula was the least expensive and allowed the biopsy instrument to be easily directed. Surgical implantation of this cannula (C) in the descending duodenum proved to be an excellent method to obtain successive mucosal biopsies of the jejunum in the neonatal calf.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Abomasal volvulus in cattle following correction of left displacement by casting and rolling.

Seven adult cows developed abomasal volvulus immediately following correction of left displacement by casting and rolling. Three cows were rolled to provide temporary relief from left displaced abomasum because of concurrent disease and 4 were rolled as the principal therapy for left displacement. In each animal surgical correction of abomasal volvulus was accomplished via right paralumbar fossa celiotomy and inclusion of an omentopexy during abdominal closure. Surgery was performed within 24 hours of casting and rolling. All 7 cows recovered after surgery and were reported to have satisfactory milk production and appetite 6 weeks later.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1987

Diagnosis of Giardia infection in 14 calves.

Fourteen calves, 12 days to 12 weeks old, were treated for diarrhea. Fecal examination for parasitologic, bacteriologic, or viral infection revealed Giardia in all calves; rotavirus and coronavirus were found in some calves. Thirteen affected calves were treated orally with dimetridazole (50 mg/kg of body weight, daily, for 5 days), with complete resolution of the diarrhea and elimination of the Giardia. Giardiasis should be considered as an etiologic agent of diarrhea in calves.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of synovial fluid and serum concentrations, and morphologic effects of intraarticular ceftiofur sodium in horses.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the serum and synovial fluid concentrations of ceftiofur sodium after intraarticular (IA) and intravenous (IV) administration and to evaluate the morphologic changes after intraarticular ceftiofur sodium administration. STUDY DESIGN: Strip plot design for the ceftiofur sodium serum and synovial fluid concentrations and a split plot design for the cytologic and histopathologic evaluation. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult horses without lameness. METHODS: Stage 1: Ceftiofur sodium (2.2 mg/kg) was administered IV. Stage 2: 150 mg (3 mL) of ceftiofur sodium (pHavg 6.57) was administered IA into 1 antebrachiocarpal joint. The ceftiofur sodium was reconstituted with sterile sodium chloride solution (pH 6.35). The contralateral joint was injected with 3 mL of 0.9% sterile sodium chloride solution (pH 6.35). Serum and synovial fluid samples were obtained from each horse during each stage. For a given stage, each type of sample (serum or synovial fluid) was collected once before injection and 12 times after injection over a 24-hour period. All horses were killed at 24 hours, and microscopic evaluation of the cartilage and synovium was performed. Serum and synovial fluid concentrations of ceftiofur sodium were measured by using a microbiologic assay, and pharmacokinetic variables were calculated. Synovial fluid was collected from the active joints treated during stage 2 at preinjection and postinjection hours (PIH) 0 (taken immediately after injection of either the ceftiofur sodium or sodium chloride), 12, and 24, and evaluated for differential cellular counts, pH, total protein concentration, and mucin precipitate quality. RESULTS: Concentrations of ceftiofur in synovial fluid after IA administration were significantly higher (P = .0001) than synovial fluid concentrations obtained after IV administration. Mean peak synovial fluid concentrations of ceftiofur after IA and IV administration were 5825.08 microg/mL at PIH .25 and 7.31 microg/mL at PIH 4, respectively. Mean synovial fluid ceftiofur concentrations at PIH 24 after IA and IV administration were 4.94 microg/mL and .12 microg/mL, respectively. Cytologic characteristics of synovial fluid after IA administration did not differ from cytologic characteristics after IA saline solution administration. White blood cell counts after IA ceftiofur administration were < or =3,400 cells/ML. The mean synovial pH of ceftiofur treated and control joints was 7.32 (range, 7.08-7.5) and 7.37 (range, 7.31-7.42), respectively. Grossly, there were minimal changes in synovium or cartilage, and no microscopic differences were detected (P = .5147) between ceftiofur-treated joints and saline-treated joints. The synovial half-life of ceftiofur sodium after IA administration joint was 5.1 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Synovial concentrations after intraarticular administration of 150 mg of ceftiofur sodium remained elevated above minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) over 24 hours. After 2.2 mg/kg IV, the synovial fluid ceftiofur concentration remained above MIC no longer than 8 hours. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ceftiofur sodium may be an acceptable broad spectrum antimicrobial to administer IA in septic arthritic equine joints.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urethral extension for correction of urovagina in cattle. A review of 14 cases.

Urethral extension was performed in 14 cows with clinical urovagina and infertility. Urovagina was corrected in nine cows (64%) and was reduced in the others. Formation of fistulas at the cranial end of the extension site was the most frequent complication (4 cows). In one cow, the urethral extension was not extended far enough caudally. Eleven cows (79%) returned to fertility after surgery. Severity of urine pooling, cranial displacement of the urethral orifice, and severe preoperative vaginitis may explain the failure of the urethral extension in some cows.

Animals↗