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Biomedical subjects

G S Turner

Publications and source records attributed to G S Turner.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Photocoagulation for peripheral neovascularisation in diabetes.

A study of 90 eyes in 72 diabetic patients with peripheral retinal neovascularisation treated by photocoagulation indicated that the subsequent development of further peripheral or disc new vessels is infrequent if panretinal photocoagulation is the initial treatment procedure. Focal or sectorial treatment may be considered only if a small area of neovascularisation is present initially and provided regular follow-up can be guaranteed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Natural history of peripheral neovascularisation in diabetic retinopathy.

A study of 62 untreated eyes of 54 diabetic patients with peripheral neovascularisation is reported. The study shows that neovascularisation rarely remains confined to one sector of the retina; 18% of eyes had developed disc new vessels within one year, 27% had a vitreous haemorrhage within five years, and 10% developed either macular traction or a retinal detachment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine: final report of a three year study of pre-exposure immunization.

The antibody responses of 194 volunteers were studied for up to 3 years after primary immunization with one, two or three doses of human diploid cell rabies vaccine, administered either in 0.1 ml volumes intradermally (i.d.) or as 1.0 ml intramuscularly (i.m.). Sero-conversion occurred in 95% of subjects after the first injection and in 100% after the second. The highest titres and most durable antibody responses were induced by three injections of vaccine. Booster doses were administered either by the subcutaneous (s.c.) or i.d. route, after 6, 12 or 24 months to randomly grouped volunteers; these induced responses greater than or equal to 5.0 i.u. per ml in 95% of subjects. The responses were rapid and were neither influenced by the primary regimen nor by the timing and route of the booster dose. Antibody titres after i.d. immunization were only two-fold lower than those induced by the larger volume of vaccine. The findings suggest that the i.d. route is both effective and economic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Multisite intradermal antirabies vaccination. Immune responses in man and protection of rabbits against death from street virus by postexposure administration of human diploid-cell-strain rabies vaccine.

Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0.8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. All ten volunteers rapidly developed substantial titres of rabies antibody, and eight of the ten had T lymphocytes that were immunologically stimulated by HDCS rabies-virus antigen. Postexposure treatment with 0.8 ml of HDCS vaccine given at 4 i.d. sites completely protected fourteen rabbits from death by street virus. The results suggest that in developing countries patients could be protected with small volumes of potent tissue-culture vaccine administered intradermally shortly after exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Recovery of immune responsiveness to rabies vaccine after treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide.

Mice treated with cyclophosphamide (Cy) recovered the ability to mount delayed type hypersensitivity reactions within 3 days. By contrast, antibody production to a T cell independent antigen (E. coli lipopolysaccharide) and to human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine did not occur unless the immunization of Cy-treated mice was delayed for 7-10 days. No significant resistance to rabies infection was recorded at 10 days but was demonstrable if 14 days had elapsed between Cy treatment and vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Immune responses of humans to a human diploid cell strain of rabies virus vaccine: lymphocyte transformation, production of virus-neutralizing antibody, and induction of interferon.

Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralizing antibody, and interferon activity of 20 healthy volunteers in response to a human diploid cell strain (HDCS) of rabies virus vaccine were studied. Ten vaccines received 1.0 ml of HDCS vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, and 14, and five of these volunteers received, in addition, 20 international units of human rabies immune globulin/kg of body weight on day 0. All 10 volunteers developed high titers of neutralizing antibody, and eight of the 10 had lymphocytes that were immunologically stimulated by HDCS rabies virus antigen. The interferon responses of eight vaccines to 1.0 ml of HDCS vaccine given intramuscularly on days 0 and 28 and of two vaccines to 1.0 ml of vaccine given intradermally in eight body sites on the same days were measured; low levels of interferon-like activity were found in eight of nine volunteers after the first vaccination, and no activity was found upon revaccination. The high titers of neutralizing antibody that developed did not correlate with lymphocyte stimulation or interferon-like activity, but it is true that all 20 volunteers did develop high titers of neutralizing antibody after 1.0 ml of HDCS vaccine was given intradermally.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

Immunization with a human diploid cell strain of rabies virus vaccine: two-year results.

Antibody responses following primary vaccination with 1.0 ml of intramuscularly (im) or 0.1 ml of intradermally (id) administered human diploid cell rabies virus vaccine were observered for two years. Three primary doses of vaccine were given to 77 volunteers on days 0, 28, and 56. An antibody response was detected in all vacinees after a single dose; at one month, the response in the group that received vaccine id was identical to that in the group that was given vaccine im, although only 1/10th of the dose of vaccine was used. After the second and third doses, the antibody responses were higher with the primary im regimen; this difference was significant at two, three, and 12 months when the geometric mean titers of antibody were twofold higher for im than for id vaccination. The antibody responses to a booster dose of vaccine administered to randomly grouped volunteers by the subcutaneous or id route at six, 12, or 24 months were similar irrespective of the method of primary immunization but were greater with increasing intervals between primary and booster doses.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1978

Immunoglobulin (IgG) and (IgM) antibody responses to rabies vaccine.

IgM and IgG neutralizing antibody responses were estimated in the sera of rabbits and mice immunized with different doses of Semple, duck embryo and cell culture rabies vaccines. IgM synthesis was prolonged in animals immunized with multiple doses of either Semple or duck embryo vaccines but not those immunized with cell culture vaccine. Mice were passively protected by IgG antibody against subsequent challenge but not by IgM of equivalent neutralizing titre. Mice challenged when the antibody response was solely IgM were not protected if the transition to IgG synthesis was prevented by cyclophosphamide treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies with human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine and human antirabies immunoglobulin in man.

Seventy healthy veterinary students with no previous history of rabies vaccination were inoculated either with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) alone, human diploid cell strain (HDCS) vaccine alone, or combinations of both. HRIG, prepared either at the Lister Institute or by Cutter Laboratories, was inoculated (20 i.u./kg) on day 0, vaccine was inoculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 either in 0.1 ml doses intradermally (i.d.) or in 1.0 ml doses intramuscularly (i.m.). Neutralizing antibodies were measured by the mouse neutralization test on samples taken from each group of 10 volunteers on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 30, 50 and 90. The treatments were well tolerated and no serious reactions were seen. Antibody estimations, as yet incomplete, indicate that in those subjects receiving HRIG alone, low levels of antibody were detectable in most but not all cases after 24 hours; peak titres (0.16 i.u./ml : 1 in 7.2) were observed on days 2 and 3 and became undetectable after 30 days. Most subjects receiving vaccine and HRIG also had detectable antibody at 24 hours and all had antibody by 48 hours. Peak titres (GM +/- 18 i.u./ml) were recorded at 21 to 30 days. The response to vaccine administered by either route does not appear so far to be markedly suppressed by HRIG.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine. Rapid prophylactic immunisation of volunteers with small doses.

The clinical and antibody responses of volunteers to three intradermal schedules of human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine (0.4 ml on day 0; 0-1 ml on days 0, 1, 2, 3; and 0-1 ml on days 0, 3, 7, and 14) are described. Vaccine was administered to 114 contacts of two rabid patients in order to evoke a rapid antibody response and the antibody titres of 30 of those who were vaccinated and bled were measured. High antibody titres were obtained in all subjects irrespective of their immunisation schedule; there were only minimal local reactions. All volunteers had titres greater than 1/78 (1.7 I.U./ml) by day 14, and 7 of 10 receiving 0.1 ml into each limb on day 0 had detectable antibody by day 7.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1976

A review of the world epidemiology of rabies.

A number of countries throughout the world have been free from rabies for many years; some are reported to have eliminated the disease and in others it has reappeared after variable periods of time. Apart from these minor variations, however, the global distribution of rabies over the last five to ten years appears unchanged and the disease continues to pose both public health and economic problems of varying severity in all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Most of the data presented here are abstracted from the most recent surveys of the World Health Organization, the Annual Rabies Summary for the United States and the Pan American Zoonoses Centre's "Rabies Surveillance for the Americas". The vagaries of international reporting, accurate in some cases and undoubtedly imprecise in others, demand a cautious interpretation of the available data and suggest that the world picture be viewed as an impression rather than as a precise record.

Africa↗
PubMed1976

Interaction of mouse peritoneal macrophages with fixed rabies virus in vivo and in vitro.

The resistance of mice to intraperitoneal and intramuscular infection with fixed rabies virus increases with age. Treatment of mature animals with either silica, indian ink or antimacrophage serum, which are cytotoxic for macrophages, reduced their resistance to intraperitoneal, but not to intramuscular or intracerebral infection. Transfer of peritoneal macrophages from adults to syngeneic suckling mice delayed but did not prevent mortality from intraperitoneal infection: transfer of peritoneal macrophages to intramuscular sites of infection did not protect adult mice. Rabies virus was phagocytosed by peritoneal macrophages in culture but neither replicated nor induced interferon. Evidence of active intracellular destruction of virus was obscured by thermal inactivation at 37 degrees C. Less inactivation occurred at 33 degrees C. Infected macrophages from suckling mice, but not those from adult mice, spread infection to susceptible cells.

Age Factors↗