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G S Reed

Publications and source records attributed to G S Reed.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Clinical comparison of BACTEC 9240 plus aerobic/F resin bottles and the isolator aerobic culture system for detection of bloodstream infections.

The Plus Aerobic/F resin bottle of the BACTEC 9240 automated blood culture system (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Instrument Systems, Sparks, Md.) was compared with aerobic culture of the Isolator system (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.) for the detection of bloodstream microorganisms from 6,145 blood cultures collected from adult patients with suspected septicemia. The BACTEC resin bottles were incubated for 7 days, and the sediment from the Isolator tube was inoculated to sheep blood and chocolate agars which were incubated for 72 h and to inhibitory mold, brain heart infusion, and Sabouraud agars which were incubated for 21 days. A total of 622 microorganisms were recovered from 583 blood cultures. The BACTEC resin bottle recovered statistically significantly more pathogens overall than the Isolator system (P = 0.0006). When individual pathogens isolated from either system for a 7-day study period were assessed, it was determined that the BACTEC resin bottle detected statistically significantly more isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (P = 0.0113) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (P = 0.0029) than the Isolator system. The BACTEC resin bottle also detected statistically significantly more bloodstream infections (septic episodes) caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (P = 0.0146). The Isolator system recovered statistically significantly more contaminants overall (P < 0.0001), and among this group of microorganisms, recovered statistically significantly more Bacillus spp. (P < 0.0001), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (P < 0.0001), and viridans group Streptococcus spp. (P = 0.0156). The Isolator system detected statistically significantly more isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum (P = 0.004), but all of these isolates were detected at > or = 7 days of incubation of fungal plates, i.e., after the system to system comparison study period (7 days). In blood culture sets which produced growth of the same pathogen in both systems, there was a statistically significant difference in median time to detection for all pathogens combined favoring the BACTEC resin bottle over the Isolator tube (P < 0.05). When assessing individual microorganisms, the median times for detection of S. aureus, Enterococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were all statistically significantly less for the BACTEC system (P < 0.05). The BACTEC instrument had 79 (1.3%) false positive signals. The BACTEC system required less processing time than the Isolator system and eliminates the hands-on time for detection of positive cultures required with the Isolator system.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The analyst's interpretation as fetish.

This paper explores the transference dynamics and underlying fantasies of analysands whose characters have been shaped by conflict solutions common to perversion. Giving the impression of a serious engagement for therapeutic ends, these individuals live out in the treatment a sexualized enactment in which the analyst's interventions are transformed into a fetish. This enactment is designed to support a defensive effort to avoid external perceptions that trigger certain fantasies of danger, including that of castration. It is designed also to cancel out interventions of the analyst that become equated with these frightening fantasies. Since the analyst's efforts to explore and interpret this enactment are also turned into a fetish, such a transference poses grave difficulties for the analysis. A technical approach is suggested in which the analyst focuses on the contradiction itself, the operation of the disavowal, the fantasy of danger that motivates the persistent use of disavowal, and the underlying, often vengeful and envious wishes that contribute both to the undermining of the analysis and to the content of the fantasies of danger that provoke so much anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The logic of controversy: Susan Isaacs and Anna Freud on F(PH)antasy.

Controversy leaves its mark on the subsequent development of psychoanalytic concepts in the form of ambiguous language and faulty reasoning. Examination of the form of an historical controversy suggests that enduring inconsistencies and a less than comprehensive appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of the competing theories resulted from the emotional and political climate. The authors recommend that disputes over new theoretical proposals begin with (1) an identification of the clinical problems that are said to require the innovation and (2) an assessment of whether the identified problems actually require theoretical revision. The new model should then be examined (3) as to whether it is self-sufficient or depends on unrecognized aspects of the previous theory. In the latter case, (4) it is important, in order to avoid the emergence of a self-contradictory theoretical hybrid, to ascertain whether the new formulation contradicts the previous one on which it silently depends.

Austria↗
PubMed1996

Sigmund Freud.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1996

Clinical comparison of difco ESP, Wampole isolator, and Becton Dickinson Septi-Chek aerobic blood culturing systems.

The ESP 80A aerobic blood culture of the ESP automated blood culture system (Difco Laboratories. Detroit, Mich.) was compared with two manual aerobic blood culture systems, the Isolator (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.) and the Septi-Chek (Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, Md.) systems, for the detection of bloodstream microorganisms from 5,845 blood samples for culture collected from adult patients with suspected septicemia. The bottles were incubated for 7 days, and the sediment from the Isolator tube was inoculated onto solid medium and this medium was incubated for 72 h. A total of 609 microorganisms were recovered from 546 blood cultures. There was no statistically significant difference in the total recovery of microorganisms for the ESP 80A system when compared with that for the Septi-Chek system (P = 0.083); however, the Isolator system recovered significantly more microorganisms overall than either the ESP 80A (P < 0.001) or the Septi-Chek (P < 0.001) system. When assessing individual probable pathogens, the Isolator system detected statistically significantly more Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. than either the ESP 80A or the Septi-Chek system (P < 0.05). Similarly, the Isolator system detected statistically significantly more bloodstream infections (septic episodes) caused by S. aureus and Candida spp. than either the ESP 80A or the Septi-Chek system (P < 0.05). In blood culture sets which produced growth of the same probable pathogens in the ESP 80A and the Isolator systems, there was no statistically significant difference in the median times to detection for all pathogens combined (P = 0.067). However, a similar comparison showed the Isolator and the ESP 80A systems to have statistically significantly shorter median detection times for all pathogens combined (P < 0.001) when they were independently compared with the Septi-Chek system. The ESP 80A system had 29 (0.5%) false-positive signals. The ESP system required less processing time than the Isolator system and eliminates the hands-on time for the detection of positive cultures required by the manual systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Clinical truth and contemporary relativism: meaning and narration in the psychoanalytic situation.

This paper proposes that clinical psychoanalysis requires distinctions for its practice that tend to be blurred by a less than careful importation of contemporary philosophical concepts. One such distinction is that between narration and the event narrated; another, that between meaning seen as absolutely relative and meaning understood as hierarchical. The first distinction identifies present experience as formed by a narrative strategy arrived at in the past. The second distinction allows pathology to be described as arrests or limitations in the ability to construe meaning. This perspective has implications for a number of current debates, among them those concerning the roles of interpretation and reconstruction. A clinical illustration involving the reconstruction of a disavowed perception and relying on the aforementioned distinctions is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

On the value of explicit reconstruction.

Classical psychoanalysis provides a clinical method and a technique which enable us to help the patient undo primary process transformations of crucial organizing events and the fantasies about them, toward the end of understanding not only the original internal components of conflicts still persisting in the present, but the manner in which the patient originally constructed his or her unique pathogenic system of meaning. That technique involves explicit reconstruction. Private systems of meaning are frequently constructed around the apparently arbitrary contiguities of life, and only the reconstruction of those contiguities can reveal to the patient how he or she has understood and continues to understand the data of external perception. An extended clinical example is presented.

Association↗
PubMed1990

The transference neurosis in Freud's writings.

This paper reviews the evolution of the concept of transference neurosis in Freud's writings. It suggests that the language in which the concept of the transference neurosis is originally expressed by Freud includes an idea of the analyst as aggressively pursuing the analytic cure by waging a solitary battle against the patient's disease. With the representation of the death drive and the larger role accorded to sadism as its external manifestation in Freud's revised drive theory of 1920, the patient becomes the ally; resistance, in the sense of the conservative forces, not disease, in the sense of libidinal conflict, becomes the enemy. It is thus difficult to speak of a transference neurosis in the circumscribed way Freud originally meant it, and he ceased to use the term after 1926 rather than redefine it to fit his broader perspective. In this broader perspective, relative resolution of conflict replaced radical liberation of the patient from disease. That Freud did not redefine the term does not imply that he discarded it, or that we necessarily should. This paper suggests that Freud implied a functional distinction between transference as transforming agent and transference neurosis as result of that transformation. That distinction defines psychoanalytic cure in terms of the understanding of a symbolic transformation which is, through the transference neurosis, reexperienced as part of the psychoanalytic process.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1990

A reconsideration of the concept of transference neurosis.

This paper presents clinical examples given by three analysts in response to an inquiry on the understanding of the term 'transference neurosis'. In view of differences and uncertainties uncovered in the course of the inquiry, it proposes that the term be reserved for the interrelated unfolding and understanding of increasingly specific transferences and their related unconscious fantasy/memory complexes through the psychoanalytic process. Specific transferences are distinguished from characterological transferences and are defined as new compromise formations involving the analyst as object entwined with pre-existing object representations from childhood and adolescence including those that comprise the nuclear infantile neurosis. The transference neurosis frequently makes its appearance silently, in the form of unnoticed enactments involving the analytic interaction so that it is advisable not to consider the patient's conscious awareness of feelings for the analyst as part of the definitional criteria.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Rules of clinical understanding in classical psychoanalysis and in self psychology: a comparison.

This paper compares the rules that govern clinical understanding in classical psychoanalysis and in self psychology. The rules of understanding in the two systems are fundamentally different. Self psychology interprets causes and relies on interpretive rules similar to those used in allegory. Classical psychoanalysis investigates reasons and seeks to uncover the patient's own interpretive system. Self psychology refinds its own theory in the relation between elements disguised in the manifest content of patients' productions. Classical psychoanalysis seeks to open up manifest content. Where self psychology reiterates theory in its interpretations, classical interpretations move away from theoretical generalizations toward specific fantasy-memory constellations. Theory, in self psychology, organizes directly the content of interpretations; theory in classical psychoanalysis organizes a technique of exploration and furnishes general sequences according to which data can be understood. This paper also suggests that the differences in the rules of clinical understanding have potential consequences for psychoanalysis which manifest themselves in psychoanalytic training and in the capacity for self-analysis.

Dreams↗
PubMed1985

Psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis appropriated, psychoanalysis applied.

The assumptions which predominate in the reading of psychoanalytic theory differ from those involved in listening to the patient in the psychoanalytic process. A weakness of much applied psychoanalysis is that these two sets of assumptions are confused and theoretical certainty is substituted for clinical exploration. This difference in assumptions is illustrated by the different assumptions about the signifier in two poems. In Freud's work on Leonardo, both attitudes toward the signifier are present, but the clinical aspect is located in Freud's method, not in his historical construction. The problems of maintaining a similar clinical stance in applied psychoanalysis are explored, and Freud's tendency toward historical certainty is speculatively considered as an instance of the parallelism phenomenon.

Creativity↗
PubMed1982

Toward a methodology for applying psychoanalysis to literature.

This paper proposes a methodology which seeks to use psychoanalysis to fathom the unique quality of the literary text without turning the text into a symptom or its author into a patient. Its hypothesis: the literary text evokes an unconscious fantasy in its readers; critics who respond to the text empathically but without conscious understanding re-enact aspects of its organizing fantasy in the way they write their criticism. To test this hypothesis, the criticism of Jacques le Fataliste et son Matître by Diderot is examined. The phenomenon of parallelism is suggested as a clinical analogy for the re-enactment which takes place.

Fantasy↗