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Biomedical subjects

G Rose

Publications and source records attributed to G Rose.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Breathlessness, chronic bronchitis and reduced pulmonary function as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men in England, Scotland and the United States.

Relationships between cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and breathlessness, a definition of chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary function are investigated among men in two employed populations (17,717 London civil servants and 4904 Scottish workers) and in two communities (844 men in Tecumseh, Michigan and 6859 men in Renfrew and Paisley Burghs, Scotland). Men are aged 40-64 years at entry in all studies except Renfrew-Paisley, where they are aged 45-64 years. Length of follow-up ranges from 6 to 16 years. Age and smoking habits were controlled for in all analyses. Chronic phlegm production is not significantly associated with CVD mortality, and 'chronic bronchitis' is significantly associated with mortality only in the employed populations. Low FEV1 is significantly associated with CVD mortality only in the Whitehall study; however, the rate ratios are above one in all studies. Breathlessness is significantly associated with CVD mortality in all studies. These associations between CVD mortality and 'chronic bronchitis', low FEV1, and breathlessness persist after also controlling for employment grade, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, ECG changes, plasma cholesterol level, body mass index and diabetes. Only the associations between breathlessness and mortality persist after further controlling for low FEV1 and myocardial ischaemia. The rate ratios between breathlessness and mortality are about two for all studies. It is concluded that in these populations, breathlessness is an independent and major predictor of CVD mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Restriction fragment length polymorphism of human mitochondrial DNA in a sample population from Apulia (southern Italy).

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of human mitochondrial DNA was analysed in a sample of 87 subjects from Apulia (South Italy) by the restriction enzymes HpaI, BamHI, HaeII, MspI, AvaII, and HincII using total blood cell DNA probed by human mtDNA from placenta. Five BamHI morphs were observed, two of which are new (BamHI-4 and -5), as well as one new AvaII morph (AvaII-28). The association BamHI-4/AvaII-28 enables us to demonstrate for the first time two polymorphic BamHI sites present together in the same mtDNA molecule. In agreement with historical data the Apulian sample has been shown to be the most heterogeneous Italian population so far tested.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed1989

INTERSALT study findings. Public health and medical care implications.

INTERSALT found a significant association between 24-hour urine sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure in individuals. There was also a significant association between sodium and slope (increase) of blood pressure with age across population samples. The weight of evidence from animal-experimental, clinical, intervention, and epidemiological data favors a causal relation. INTERSALT data from 52 centers in 32 countries permit an estimate of effect on average population blood pressure of lower sodium intake. Based on the sodium-blood pressure association in individuals, it was estimated that a habitual population sodium intake that was lower by 100 mmol/day (e.g., 70 vs. 170 mmol/day) would correspond to an average population systolic pressure that was lower by at least 2.2 mm Hg. This size difference in systolic blood pressure in major US and UK population studies is associated with 4% lower risk of coronary death and 6% lower risk of stroke death in middle age. If habitual diet is both lower in sodium and higher in potassium with lower alcohol intake and less obesity, INTERSALT data estimate average population systolic pressure would be lower by 5 mm Hg. This was calculated to correspond to a 9% lower risk of coronary death and a 14% lower risk of stroke death. INTERSALT cross-population data also suggest that, with a 100 mmol/day lower sodium intake over the life span, the average increase in population systolic pressure from age 25 to 55 years would be less by 9 mm Hg, corresponding at age 55 to a 16% lower risk of subsequent coronary death and 23% lower risk of stroke death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The INTERSALT study: main results, conclusions and some implications.

INTERSALT is an epidemiological study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure in 10,079 men and women from 52 centres and 32 countries. The data were collected according to strict protocol with extensive quality control, and were analysed both in individuals and across centres. In the individual analysis, with adjustment for confounding variables, significant positive associations were observed between blood pressure and twenty-four hour sodium excretion, body mass index and alcohol intake, and significant negative associations between blood pressure and potassium excretion. For a number of reasons, it is likely that the size of these relationships was underestimated. Across centres, linear slope of blood pressure with age was positively related to median sodium excretion. These observations imply that a policy combining changes in sodium and potassium intake with reductions in obesity and alcohol consumption could bring important public health benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Funds for research.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Economics, Medical↗
PubMed1989

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Calabria (southern Italy).

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been investigated in a sample from Calabria (Southern Italy). Seven restriction endonucleases (HpaI, BamHI, HaeII, MspI, AvaII, HincII and PstI) have been employed on 60 mtDNAs from placentas. Two new morphs have been identified (PstI-3Cal and AvaII-24Cal) and the respective polymorphic sites have been located by double digestion. Two new types (74 and 75) have also been identified and their possible origin from other known mtDNA types has been suggested.

Albania↗
PubMed1989

Salt and blood pressure: a community trial.

The effect of a health education programme on salt reduction and blood pressure was studied in two matched rural communities in Portugal, each of about 800 adult inhabitants. Initial salt intake was high (about 360 mmol/person/day) and 30% of persons were hypertensive (DBP 95 mmHg or above). In the intervention community average blood pressure fell by 3.6/5.0 mmHg at one year and 5.0/5.1 mmHg at two years, due to a general distribution shift. In the control community diastolic pressures remained stable and systolic pressures rose. The difference in trends between the two communities was highly significant. There were also significant correlations within individuals in the intervention community between fall in blood pressure and fall in urinary sodium/creatinine ratio. At least in this high-intake population a fall in salt consumption seems to have caused an important fall in average blood pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Causes of the trends and variations in CHD mortality in different countries.

Rapid changes in national rates, with little evidence of cohort effects, must substantially reflect changes in incidence rates due to socioeconomic and behavioral influences, operating with a rather short incubation period. Every newly-rich society usually experiences its epidemic of coronary heart disease. Rate changes for men and women are correlated, but the regression is asymmetrical: greater falls in women seem to reflect some rather uniform widespread sex-specific change, on top of which is another and highly variable factor common to both sexes. Trends are correlated with diet (especially with the constitution of fats). A correlation with stroke trends suggests a common link with population changes in blood pressure, in which obesity may play a part. Other important influences on population trends and differences remain unidentified or unconfirmed.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1989

The INTERSALT study: background, methods and main results. INTERSALT Co-operative Research Group.

The INTERSALT study used standardised methods to assess the relations of electrolyte intake and blood pressure, taking account of confounding variables, in samples of men and women aged 20-59 drawn from defined populations in 52 centres and 32 countries (10,079 individuals). Sodium excretion was significantly related to blood pressure in individuals. Corrected estimates (probably still too low) indicated, on multiple regression, that a difference of 100 mmol/day in average population sodium intake corresponded to 2.2 mmHg lower systolic pressure. Sodium excretion across centres, with median levels ranging from 0.2 to 242 mmol/24 hour, was related to slope of blood pressure with age, less consistently to median centre pressure. Estimates indicated that a 100 mmol/day lower sodium intake was associated with a 9 mmHg lower rise of systolic pressure between ages 25 and 55. Hypertension was virtually absent in four populations with very low sodium intake, and blood pressure in these samples was not higher at older ages. Potassium intake of individuals was negatively and significantly associated with blood pressure independently of other variables; body mass index and high alcohol intake were strongly positively and independently associated with blood pressure in individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Temporal hyperacuity in single neurons of electric fish.

Behavioural studies have revealed that animals can resolve temporal disparities in the microsecond range. This resolution is far superior to that of individual receptors, and it must therefore be achieved through central neuronal mechanisms. It is unclear, however, whether such sensitivity ever emerges at the level of single neurons, or whether it is apparent only at the behavioural level through the collective action of many less-sensitive neurons. We have found that single neurons in the pre-pacemaker nucleus of a weakly electric fish are sensitive to temporal disparities as small as 1 microsecond, the highest temporal sensitivity ever observed at the single-neuron level. The remarkable temporal resolution of these pre-pacemaker neurons results from a high degree of spatial convergence of afferent inputs. These neurons represent the final elements of a sensory hierarchy and directly control the jamming avoidance response by which these fish regulate the frequency of their electric organ discharges.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Mortality of employees of the Atomic Weapons Establishment, 1951-82.

A total of 22,552 workers employed by the Atomic Weapons Establishment between 1951 and 1982 were followed up for an average of 18.6 years. Of the 3115 who died, 865 (28%) died of cancer. Mortality was 23% lower than the national average for all causes of death and 18% lower for cancer. These low rates were consistent with the findings in other workforces in the nuclear industry and reflect, at least in part, the selection of healthy people to work in the industry and the disproportionate recruitment of people from the higher social classes. At some time during their employment 9389 (42%) of the workers were monitored for exposure to radiation, the average cumulative whole body exposure to external radiation being 7.8 mSv. Their mortality was generally similar to that of other employees, even when exposures were lagged by 10 years. The rate ratio after a 10 year lag in workers with a radiation record compared with other workers was 1.01 (95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.10) for all causes of death and 1.06 (0.89 to 1.27) for all malignant neoplasms. The only significant differences were for prostatic cancer (rate ratio 2.23; 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 4.40) and for cancers of ill defined and secondary sites (rate ratio 2.37; 1.23 to 4.56). Cancers of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissues were notable for their low occurrence in the study population, with only four deaths from leukaemia and two from multiple myeloma in workers with a radiation record, 9.16 and 3.55 deaths respectively being expected on the basis of national rates. Among workers who had a radiation record 3742 (40%) were also monitored for possible internal exposure to plutonium, 3044 (32%) to uranium, 1562 (17%) to tritium, 638 (7%) to polonium, and 281 (3%) to actinium. In these workers mortality from malignant neoplasms as a whole was not increased, but after a 10 year lag death rates from prostatic and renal cancers were generally more than twice the national average, these excesses arising in a small group of workers monitored for exposure to multiple radionuclides. Though mortality from lung cancer in workers monitored for exposure to plutonium was below the national average, it was some two thirds higher than in other radiation workers, the excess being of borderline statistical significance. Mortality from malignant neoplasms as a whole showed a weak and non-significant increasing trend with increasing level of cumulative whole body exposure to external radiation. When the exposures were lagged by 10 years the trend became stronger and significant, the estimated increase in relative risk per 10 mSv being 7.6% (95% confidence interval 0.4% to 15.3%). This trend was confined almost entirely to workers who were also monitored for exposure to radionuclides (p<0.001), the main contributions coming from lung cancer and prostatic cancer. Exposures of the lung and prostate from internal sources of radiation were not quantified, except for the contribution from tritium. It was therefore not possible to assess the extent to which the associations were due to internally deposited radionuclides rather than external exposure. The finding for prostatic cancer taken in conjunction with the results of other studies suggest a specific occupational hazard in a small group of workers in the nuclear industry who had comparatively high exposures to external radiation and who were also monitored for internal exposure to multiple radionuclides. Research is needed to discover whether any of the radionuclides and other substances concerned are concentrated in the prostate. The occurrence of lung cancer in this workforce requires further investigation taking into account smoking habits and tissue doses from inhaled radionuclides.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1987

Prognosis in adult asthma: a national study.

Although one million people consult their general practitioners for asthma each year, data on the prognosis of this disease are scarce, particularly in adults. Mortality was studied among 2547 adult asthmatics attending a national sample of 60 general practices between 1970 and 1976; they were compared with a matched group of non-asthmatic patients. Mortality from all causes was significantly raised in the asthmatic cohort (189 deaths v 112 among controls; relative risk 1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.0), especially in women (92 v 42 deaths; relative risk 2.2 (1.5 to 3.1)), and in the oldest age group (55-59 years). In both sexes the predominant cause of excess mortality was respiratory disease, particularly asthma (25 v 0 deaths) and chronic obstructive airways disease (37 v 4 deaths; relative risk 8.8 (2.8 to 23)). Overall, 94% of the asthmatic cohort survived the mean follow up period of eight years compared with 96% of the controls. In contrast to previous findings, the risk of death due to malignant neoplasms was not significantly reduced overall (34 v 36 deaths), though the risk was significantly reduced among those aged under 45 years (2 v 10 deaths; relative risk 0.2 (0.02 to 0.9)) and there was a significant trend of lowering of relative risk with younger age (p less than 0.01).

Adult↗