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Biomedical subjects

G R Dreesman

Publications and source records attributed to G R Dreesman.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Antibody to hepatitis B virus induced by injecting antibodies to the idiotype.

Anti-idiotype reagents that recognize a common idiotype associated with antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were used to induce anti-HBs in mice. The anti-idiotype-induced anti-HBs was found to recognize the group-specific a determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen and to express an interspecies idiotype. These findings suggest that anti-idiotypes may be useful as vaccines or vaccine primers.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Enhancement of the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen. In vivo administration of antiidiotype induces anti-HBs that expresses a similar idiotype.

BALB/c mice receiving antiidiotype antibodies before the injection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) generated an enhanced anti-HBs response. Mice given antiidiotype antibodies in a soluble form induced predominantly IgM anti-HBs, whereas alum-precipitated antiidiotype produced primarily IgG anti-HBs. Injection of antiidiotype antibodies alone induced anti-HBs that inhibited a common interspecies anti-HBs idiotype-antiidiotype reaction and recognized the group-specific determinant of HBsAg. These data support the view that antiidiotype antibodies may modulate the immune response to an infectious viral agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Detection of non-A, non-B hepatitis antigen by immunocytochemical staining.

Liver tissue obtained from a chimpanzee during the acute phase of an experimental non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis virus infection was studied by a sensitive immunocytochemical staining procedure for the presence of NANB viral antigens. Initial investigations were conducted with a model system of hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens for purposes of comparing two immunocytochemical staining methods. Of these two procedures, an immunoperoxidase procedure, utilizing an avidin-biotinylated enzyme complex, was at least 40-fold more sensitive than a conventional immunoperoxidase technique for the detection of HBV-specific tissue antigens. Utilization of the avidin-biotin-amplified immunoperoxidase staining procedure, in conjunction with four primary convalescent antisera obtained from NANB hepatitis-implicated donors, resulted in the observation of NANB virus-associated antigen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes from an infected chimpanzee liver. These same human antisera were not reactive with a number of uninfected control cells nor with cells infected with HBV, hepatitis A virus, or cytomegalovirus. Preincubation of one of these convalescent NANB sera, or IgG derived thereof, with an acute-phase serum obtained from a NANB hepatitis virus-infected chimpanzee abolished the antibody reactivity. We conclude from these observations that selected convalescent sera from NANB hepatitis virus-infected patients contain low levels of antibody that specifically react with a cytoplasmic antigen associated with NANB virus-infected hepatocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Antiidiotype modulation of herpes simplex virus infection leading to increased pathogenicity.

Antiidiotype reagents that recognize idiotypic determinants associated with the combining site of monoclonal antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 ( HSV2 ) were used to manipulate the immune response to HSV2 in BALB/c mice. The injection of antiidiotype antibodies into mice before challenge with a 50% lethal dose of HSV2 resulted in a shorter survival time than that of mice receiving either preimmune rabbit immunoglobulin G or antiidiotype reagents against hepatitis B surface antigen before HSV2 challenge. These findings indicate that the immune response to HSV2 in mice can be modulated through idiotype- antiidiotype networks, thereby increasing the pathogenicity of HSV2 infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Posttransfusion hepatitis type A.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) transmission through blood is a rare but potential cause of posttransfusion hepatitis. We can now document such a case supported by laboratory evidence of HAV in the donor blood. A 10-year-old girl manifested icteric hepatitis A 31 days after receiving a single unit of packed RBCs from a donor who subsequently experienced hepatitis A and died in hepatic failure. Hepatitis A virus antigen was detected in the donor's hepatocytes and in plasma obtained from the original donor unit. The density in cesium chloride of the HAV antigenic activity from the liver and plasma ranged from 1.33 to 1.37 g/cu cm, which is similar to that reported for infectious HAV particles. The implicated donor plasma had normal aminotransferase levels and was negative for antibody to HAV. Inoculation of this plasma into a chimpanzee resulted in the development of hepatitis A 23 days later based on the appearance of fecal HAV antigen, hepatitis, and IgM anti-HAV seroconversion. These data clearly document the presence of HAV in the donor sample that produced posttransfusion hepatitis A.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1983

Cytomegalovirus antigen within human arterial smooth muscle cells.

Arterial tissues from carotid artery plaques or from punch-biopsy samples of uninvolved areas of the aorta were removed from 132 patients with atherosclerosis during blood-vessel surgery. Cells morphologically identical to smooth muscle cells were cultured from 26 to 126 plaque samples and from 6 of 6 punch-biopsy samples. Immunofluorescence tests of these cells showed that more than 25% of the cell cultures from both types of sample contained antigens of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) but not of herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2. Replicating CMV was not detected by electron microscopy in the antigen-positive cells, suggesting that the artery walls may be a site of CMV latency.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1983

Immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen: enhancement by prior injection of antibodies to the idiotype.

Anti-idiotype reagents that recognize a common idiotype associated with the combining site of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were used to manipulate the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen in BALB/c mice. The injection of antibodies to the idiotype before antigenic stimulation resulted in an increase in the number of cells secreting immunoglobulin M antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen. Anti-HBs-secreting cells were also induced by administration of antibodies to the idiotype without subsequent antigen exposure. These findings indicate that the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen in mice is regulated through an idiotype-anti-idiotype network.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Utilization of the biotin/avidin system to amplify the sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The biotin/avidin system was incorporated into the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique to increase the sensitivity of the standard ELISA for the detection of mouse antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen ((anti-HBs and HBsAg, respectively). Two biotin/avidin ELISA designs were studied. In both assays, 96-well polystyrene plates were coated with HBsAg, post-coated with 0.5% gelatin and incubated with dilutions of mouse anti-HBs. In the biotin/avidin (BA) ELISA, reagents were added to antibody reacted wells in the following sequence: biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG (b-GAMG), avidin-alkaline phosphatase (Av-AP) and substrate. The order of reactants after mouse antibody in the biotin/avidin/biotin (BAB) ELISA was b-GAMG, avidin, biotinylated alkaline phosphatase (b-AP) and substrate. The sensitivities of BA ELISA, BAB ELISA and a standard ELISA using a glutaraldehyde conjugated goat anti-mouse enzyme were compared to AUSAB (a commercial radioimmunoassay) using a panel of 23 mouse anti-HBs sera. All 3 ELISAs were more sensitive than AUSAB; the standard ELISA, BAB ELISA and BA ELISA were respectively 50, 1173 and 4134 times more sensitive than AUSAB for detection of mouse anti-HBs activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Detection of interspecies idiotypic cross-reactions associated with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen.

A common idiotype was defined by a rabbit anti-idiotypic antiserum generated against human antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). This idiotype was detected in anti-HBs from eight different individuals who had been previously infected with hepatitis B virus and is referred to as the CHBs idiotype. The CHBs idiotype was also identified in sera from rabbits, mice, guinea pigs, swine, goats and chimpanzees that had been immunized with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Expression of the CHBs idiotype in sera from other species was associated with anti-HBs molecules. These results suggested that variable-region genes responsible for the CHBs idiotype have been conserved through long periods of evolution. It was noteworthy that the CHBs idiotype was not detected in the sera of a nonmammalian species, chickens, that had been successfully immunized with HBsAg.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparative studies of the immunogenic activity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBsAg polypeptides.

Three hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) preparations were compared: purified intact 22-nm HBsAg particles; HBsAg-derived, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-denatured P25 + GP30 polypeptide pool; and nondenatured P25 + GP30 micelles. The micelles had the same polypeptide composition as the P25 + GP30 pool. The immunogenicity in mice of each preparation, administered either in saline suspension or adsorbed to aluminum gel, was compared. The SDS-denatured polypeptides were less immunogenic than intact HBsAg particles, whereas the micelles were more immunogenic. High anti-HBs titers were observed in mice immunized with micelle preparations in either saline suspension or adsorbed to aluminum gel for as long as 200 days after a booster inoculation, administered 26 days after the primary dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of alkaline glutaraldehyde on hepatitis B virus antigens.

The potential of alkaline 2% glutaraldehyde solutions, with and without surface active agents, to alter the antigenicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was analyzed and compared to the antigenic alternation capacities of 0.525% sodium hypochlorite and 2.02% formaldehyde solutions. After treatment of a hepatitis B surface antigen-positive plasma at room temperature for 10 min, there was a 51-67% reduction in surface antigen level and a 90-94% decrease in hepatitis B core antigenicity. Glutaraldehyde is proposed as an alternative to the more noxious hypochlorite and formaldehyde solutions for disinfection of HBV-contaminated articles.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1983

Development of sensitive immunoassays for detection of antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen.

Three micro solid phase immunoassays (a micro-SPRIA and two ELISA techniques) were developed and tested for the detection of anti-HBs antibodies. Two different crosslinkers (glutaraldehyde and N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate) were used to couple a goat anti-mouse IgG reagent to alkaline phosphatase for use as enzyme-labeled probes in the two ELISA tests. With the latter crosslinker, a defined conjugate with a 1:1 antibody-enzyme molar ratio was obtained. The sensitivities of micro-SPRIA and the two types of ELISA were compared to that of the commercial solid phase radioimmunoassay AUSAB test. All three microtests were significantly more sensitive than the AUSAB test. The ELISA using the glutaraldehyde cross-linked conjugate was 3-5 times less sensitive than micro-SPRIA, while the ELISA using the disulfide-linked conjugate was 2.6-4.0 times more sensitive than micro-SPRIA.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

A micro solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of herpesvirus type-specific antibody: parameters involved in standardization.

A micro solid-phase radioimmunoassay (micro-SPRIA) was developed to demonstrate type-specific antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2). Glycoproteins from the 123,000 dalton region of HSV1 (VP123) and the 119,000 dalton region of HSV2 (VP119) were isolated on preparative polyacrylamide gels for use as antigens in the micro-SPRIA. Human sera selected from clinical samples by virological history and appropriate microneutralization data were used to standardize the micro-SPRIA. Optimization of the assay required the use of siliconized microtiter wells for adsorption of antigen. Maximized results were highly dependent on the concentrations of antigen, primary antibody, and secondary antibody as well as the diluents used for these principal test reagents. Incorporation of HSV glycoproteins of each respective type with the optimal condition established in this study facilitates the direct detection of type-specific antibody in human sera.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1983

A micro solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of herpesvirus type-specific antibody: specificity and sensitivity.

The specificity and sensitivity of a micro solid-phase radioimmunoassay (micro-SPRIA) that detects type-specific IgG antibody to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) were evaluated. Glycoproteins VP123 (molecular weight, 123,000) of HSV1 and VP119 (molecular weight, 119,000) of HSV2 were found to display the greatest degree of antigenic type-specificity of several HSV antigens tested with the micro-SPRIA technique. When testing a group of sera, negative for anti-HSV antibodies by microneutralization, in the micro-SPRIA, a range of negative reactivities was noted, suggesting that cut-points should be determined for each antigen preparation. The micro-SPRIA detected appropriate antibody activity in patients with recurrent infection and a marked agreement was noted in comparison to detection of anti-HSV antibodies measured with the microneutralization test. The type-specificity of the micro-SPRIA was substantiated by the independence of test results using VP119 and VP123 antigens for a random group of positive sera. The assay is rapid, specific, and sensitive and allows the testing of multiple serum samples with a standardized set of reagents.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1983

Production and characterization of anti-idiotype reagents for the analysis of viral antigen systems.

Anti-idiotype reagents have been used recently in the characterization of a number of viral systems. These reagents provide a relatively new approach in viral immunology for the analysis of specific antibody molecules to viruses and their associated antigenic determinants. In this paper we report on the methodology for the generation and characterization of xenogeneic anti-idiotype antibodies in rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Biotin-avidin-amplified enzyme immunoassay for detection of herpes simplex virus antigen in clinical specimens.

A biotin-avidin-amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (B-A ELISA) has been developed to detect herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 antigens in clinical specimens. The test was designed as a solid-phase, double-antibody, sandwich assay in which plates were coated with a polyclonal rabbit immunoglobulin G anti-HSV reagent, and the sandwich antibody was a biotin-labeled mouse immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody that reacts with a common antigen associated with HSV-1 and HSV-2. The test can be completed in 4 h if antibody-coated plates are available. The detection limit of the B-A ELISA, determined by titration of virus stocks, was found to be approximately 90 PFU or 6 X 10(3) physical particles of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 per 50 microliter of virus stock. The following results were obtained in a study in which swabs were taken from a variety of lesions and assayed for infectivity in tissue culture and by B-A ELISA. Of 421 suspected HSV lesions tested, 69 were positive by both tests and 159 were negative by both tests. A total of 122 were positive by B-A ELISA but negative for infectivity. Seventy-one were negative by B-A ELISA but contained infectious virus. The HSV specificity of the assay was substantiated by partial blocking of reactivity with rabbit immunoglobulin G anti-HSV and by the absence of reactivity with a nonspecific biotin-labeled mouse immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1983

Characterization of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen monoclonal antibodies.

17 monoclonal antibodies generated against purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), subtype ayw, were characterized by solid-phase radioimmunoassays. Eleven of these antibodies had specificity against the group-specific alpha determinant of HBsAg, two demonstrated antibody activity against the w HBsAg subtype, one against human serum albumin, and three against human IgG. All monoclonal antibodies were of the IgG class.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗