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Biomedical subjects

G Miller

Publications and source records attributed to G Miller.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Airway involvement in ulcerative colitis.

Two patients with ulcerative colitis developed progressive obstructive pulmonary disease. In one, the abnormality was a sclerosing peribronchiolitis confined to small airways, while the other demonstrated a large airway fibrotic obliterative bronchitis. A review of airway involvement in ulcerative colitis and a discussion of the possible similarity to another extraintestinal manifestation of ulcerative colitis, sclerosing cholangitis, are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Joint physiology, cartilage metabolism, and the etiology of osteoarthritis.

Articular cartilage is hypocellular, avascular, aneural, and alymphatic. Nutrition derives predominantly from the synovial fluid. The cartilage matrix is hyperhydrated. Water represents 80 per cent of the total weight. The water is very important in joint lubrication and wear resistance. The dry weight consists mainly of proteoglycan and type II collagen. Osteoarthritis is not the result of a diminution in metabolic activity but is a very active catabolic process. Matrix synthesis and cell replication proceed at greater rates in damaged than in normal cartilage. Lysosomal enzymes that degrade cartilage are released. Proteoglycan content diminishes in proportion to the disease severity. Despite the heightened synthetic activity, the chondrocyte's capacity is eventually exceeded by the rate of matrix degradation and the cartilage becomes eroded. A multitude of hypotheses have been suggested to explain the etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. These hypotheses fall into two categories: those that point to excessive stresses imposed upon normal tissue and those that emphasize the inadequacy of the chondrocyte response. The factors that initiate the process are not fully known. Trauma, aging, joint laxity, diet, hormones, crystal deposition, bone microfractures, and immunologic factors have all been implicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fever response to acetaminophen in viral vs. bacterial infections.

The effect of acetaminophen on fever in bacterial vs. viral infections was tested in 100 children ages 9 days to 17 years who presented to the Pediatric Service with a rectal or oral temperature of 102 degrees F (38.9 degrees C) or greater. All patients were given acetaminophen, 15 mg/kg, and their temperatures were rechecked at 1 hour. Laboratory tests were ordered at the discretion of the examining physician and usually included viral and bacterial cultures and total white blood cell counts. Sixteen patients had proved viral illnesses and 17 patients had serious bacterial infections. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.02) in the white blood cell count between the two groups, with the higher values in patients with bacterial infections. There was, however, no significant difference in the fever response to acetaminophen between the two groups (P = 0.37). The remaining 67 patients were then placed into one of the two groups based on their clinical illness and outcome. The mean temperature change was then calculated between the two groups, and again the difference was found to be statistically insignificant (P = not significant (t = 0.19]. We conclude that there is no correlation between a child's fever response to acetaminophen and the etiology of the fever.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1987

Freeze-dried segmental fibular allografts in azathioprine-treated dogs.

The successful use of a bone allograft may be negated by the host's immune response. This investigation assessed the efficacy of combining freeze-dried cortical allografts in three to six weeks azathioprine-immunosuppressed dogs. Forty-eight of 94 adult mongrel dogs were initiated for this study, and 46 of 94 were previously published and recompiled. The dogs were divided into five groups and followed for six months: Group I consisted of bilateral fresh autografts as an external control; Group II assessed the effect of freeze-drying on autogenous bone; Group III compared fresh autografts with fresh allografts; Group IV assessed the effect of freeze-drying on allografts; and Group V assessed the combined effect of placing freeze-dried allografts in immunosuppressed hosts. Biweekly roentgenograms were made to evaluate the time to union and the incidence of graft fatigue failure. Mechanical graft strength was assessed by rapid torsional loading to failure at the time of sacrifice. Biologic repair was assessed with the use of tetracycline and microradiographic techniques. The incorporation and repair of a fresh cortical autograft is better than that of a freeze-dried autograft because of fractures, nonunion, or delayed union of graft-host junctions; freeze-dried autografts have increased peripheral and internal resorption, yet an increased peripheral bony callus maintains normal graft strength; freeze-dried and fresh allografts are similar in roentgenographic characteristics, mechanical strength, and in the mechanism of graft incorporation; the use of three or six weeks azathioprine therapy did not improve the fate of freeze-dried allografts.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Precancerous conditions of the digestive system: true risk or a paper tiger? The esophagus].

The incidence of the squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus shows geographical variations. As a rule it is found in heavy smokers and alcoholics. Multicentricity (mouth, hypopharynx, esophagus) is very frequent and accompanied by large dysplasias of different stages. The adenocarcinoma develops on the metaplastic cylindric epithelium of the Barrett esophagus. Positive dysplasias are highly suspicious of the development of a carcinoma and demand the reconfirmation of the finding by a second pathologist. In this case the resection of the esophagus has to be done. The abdominal-cervical method should be preferred.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

[Complications of endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract].

An inquiry in FRG and Switzerland concerning complications in upper G.I. panendoscopy showed a total complication rate of 0.081% and a mortality of 0.007%. This complication rate is diminishing three to four times in comparison to publications ten years ago. The different kind of complications are discussed (perforations, complications of premedication respiratory and cardiovascular complications and infections). It is postulated that in future more attention is given to the problems of complications: treatment of perforations (conservative or surgical), oxygen saturation of blood and transmission of infectious disease, especially AIDS. The major complication is the diagnostic error.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1986

Acute cardiac events temporally related to cocaine abuse.

The increasingly widespread use of cocaine in the United States has been accompanied and perhaps exacerbated by the misconception that the drug is not associated with serious medical complications. In particular, the potential for cocaine to precipitate life-threatening cardiac events needs to be reemphasized. We report the clinical and pathological findings in seven people in whom nonintravenous "recreational" use of cocaine was temporally related to acute myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, myocarditis, sudden death, or a combination of these events. We also review data on 19 previously reported cases of cocaine-related cardiovascular disorders. Analysis of all 26 patients indicated the following findings: the cardiac consequences of cocaine abuse are not unique to parenteral use of the drug, since nearly all the patients took the drug intranasally; underlying heart disease is not a prerequisite for cocaine-related cardiac disorders; seizure activity, a well-documented noncardiac complication of cocaine abuse, is neither a prerequisite for, nor an accompanying feature of, cardiac toxicity of cocaine; and the cardiac consequences of cocaine are not limited to massive doses of the drug. Although the pathogenesis of cardiac toxicity of cocaine remains incompletely defined, available circumstantial evidence suggests that cocaine has medical consequences that are equal in importance to its well-documented psychosocial consequences.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1986

[Early stomach carcinoma].

Geographical and epidemiologic investigations in recent years have thrown light on the determining factors in chronic atrophic gastritis and the intestinal type of gastric carcinoma. It is now proven that the majority of early gastric cancers have the exact symptoms of the ulcer type. Diagnosis is by endoscopy and biopsy. Uncritical therapy of an ulcer-like symptomatology by H2-receptor blockers must be rejected.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Primary central nervous system lymphoma related to Epstein-Barr virus in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

The study of a patient suggested a relationship between Epstein-Barr virus infection and primary lymphoma of the central nervous system in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Deoxyribonucleic acid preparations from tumor tissue contained 30 to 100 copies of Epstein-Barr virus genome per cell when hybridized with a probe consisting of the Bam-HI K fragment of Epstein-Barr virus strain FF41. This hybridization study suggests that induction of this patient's central nervous system lymphoma was related to Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

The European experience with esophageal cancer limited to the mucosa and submucosa.

In a survey concerning the diagnosis of esophageal cancer and especially early esophageal cancer (EEC) made during the years 1976 to 1980 we collected from all over Europe the results of 902,207 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies. There were 6,719 (0.7%) reports of esophageal carcinoma of which 51 (0.75%) were EEC. Only 8 patients with EEC were asymptomatic. The tumor was localized to the middle third of the esophagus in 24 cases, to the lower third in another 24 cases, and to the upper third in 3 cases. All patients had resection of the esophageal cancer. Thirty-one (60.7%) patients are still alive, but 6 show evidence of recurrence.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed1986

Deletion mutants that affect expression of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen in COS-1 cells after gene transfer with simian virus 40 vectors containing portions of the BamHI K fragment.

We have identified sequences that affect the efficient expression of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA 1) when the structural portion of its gene, found within the 2.9-kilobase-pair BamHI/HindIII fragment called Ilf, is expressed from a simian virus 40 vector. A set of nested deletions at the BamHI end of the fragment was constructed by using BAL 31 digestion, the addition of linkers, and ligation into pSVOd. The mutants were tested for their ability to express antigen in COS-1 monkey cells by using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Deletion endpoints were determined by DNA sequencing of the 5' ends of the mutants. The deletion mutants could be subclassified into four groups based on their ability to express EBNA polypeptide. Mutants that retain more than 106 base pairs upstream from the start of the open reading frame in Ilf exhibit antigen expression indistinguishable from that of wild type. Mutants that invade the structural gene by 1,115 or more bases destroy antigen expression. Mutants that alter the splice acceptor site or invade the open reading frame by a short distance make antigen at a markedly lower frequency. There are three mutants, whose deletions map at -78, -70, and -44 base pairs upstream of the open reading frame, that make reduced levels of EBNA. Since these three mutants differ in the extent to which EBNA expression is impaired, the data suggest that there are several critical regions upstream of the open reading frame that regulate EBNA expression in COS-1 cells. It is not known whether these regulatory sequences, which would be located in an intron in the intact genome, play any role in the expression of EBNA in infected lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Palindromic structure and polypeptide expression of 36 kilobase pairs of heterogeneous Epstein-Barr virus (P3HR-1) DNA.

Among the Epstein-Barr virions (EBV) produced by the P3HR-1 (HR-1) cell line are a defective subpopulation with rearranged viral DNA designated heterogeneous DNA (het DNA). These defective virions are responsible for the capacity of HR-1 virus to induce early antigen in Raji c cells and for trans activation of latent EBV in X50-7 cells. Virions with het DNA are independent replicons which pass horizontally from cell to cell rather than being partitioned vertically. We analyzed the structure and defined several polypeptide products of het DNA to understand these remarkable biologic properties. A 36-kilobase-pair (kbp) stretch of het DNA was cloned (as two EcoRI fragments of 20 and 16 kbp) from virions released from a cellular subclone of HR-1 cells. The unusual aspect of the 20-kbp fragment was the linkage of sequences of BamHI-M and BamHI-B', which are not adjacent on the standard EBV genome. The 16-kbp fragment was a palindrome in which at least two additional recombinations on each side of the palindrome had linked regions of the standard EBV genome which are not normally contiguous. The 20-kbp het DNA fragment was attached to at least one and possibly both ends of the 16-kbp het DNA fragment. We identified antigenic polypeptides produced in COS-1 cells after gene transfer of various cloned het DNA fragments. The 20-kbp fragment encoded a cytoplasmic antigen of about 95 kilodaltons (kDa). The 16-kbp fragment encoded antigens located in the nucleus, nuclear membrane, and cytoplasm. These were represented by several polypeptides, the most prominent of which were about 55, 52, and 36 kDa. The 36-kDa polypeptide was localized to a 2.7-kbp BamHI fragment which had homology to standard BamHI-W and BamHI-Z. Another polypeptide of 50 kDa found in the nucleus was mapped to the 7.1-kbp BamHI het DNA fragment which spans the EcoRI site linking the 20- and 16-kbp fragments of het DNA. Thus, HR-1 het DNA encodes several discrete polypeptide products, one or more of which could be responsible for the unusual biologic properties of the virus. The composition, regulation, and ultimately the expression of some of these products relative to standard EBV is probably altered by the genomic rearrangements of het DNA.

Animals↗