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Biomedical subjects

G Martet

Publications and source records attributed to G Martet.

104 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use in Mozambique of WHO diagnostic strategies in HIV infection].

The lack of expensive equipment and well-trained laboratory technicians in developing countries makes it difficult to use standard methods (2 EIA confirmed by western blotting) to diagnose HIV infection. This led the WHO to develop simplified algorithms based on sequential screening tests, with no confirmation by immunoblotting. These algorithms were tested in the normal diagnosis conditions of a medical unit in Maputo, Mozambique. We tested 402 sera, collected with the consent of the patients concerned. The sera were first tested for HIV according to French regulations (2 EIA with western blot if at least one EIA was positive). This strategy identified 53 sera as positive for HIV1 and 1 serum as positive for HIV2. We then tested who algorithms, one for a predicted rate of prevalence < 10% and the other for a predicted rate of prevalence > 10%. Neither algorithm performed adequately for diagnostic purposes. Further evaluation with a panel of local sera is required to select the most suitable algorithm in terms of specificity and sensitivity, and algorithms should be throughly tested before inclusion in national AIDS control strategies.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New approaches to phycomycoses (apropos of 2 cases of rhino-entomophthoromycosis)].

It is an uncommon affection (only 100 cases reported), observed primarily in African peri-equatorial zone. The rhinoentomophtoromycoses are caused by a phycomycetous fungus, class of zygomycetes: Conidiobolus coronatus. They are subcutaneomucus mycoses with centro-facial localizations. During the past ten years, three points have been put into light. 1. A true therapeutic revolution thanks to imidazoles. 2. A better knowledge of this disease in which caricatural forms are far form being the most numerous. 3. A socio-cultural African approach better understood, as such a disease is still considered as the result of a transgression or a fault.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Otorhinolaryngologic aspects of Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa].

Such aspects are numerous from a disease with multiple factors among them immunodeficiency playing a key-role. O.R.L. aspect are more frequently observed than some ten years ago: this is mainly due to Kaposi's sarcoma in its epidemic form. Nevertheless one has to keep in mind that Kaposi's sarcoma in this endemic african form coexists with its second form without any well-marked border. Finally, many uncertainties are still existing among others its very peculiar cancerous nature.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Maxillofacial location of Burkitt's lymphoma in Africa (apropos of 7 cases)].

Omnipresent disease, Burkitt's lymphoma is the most frequent non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma in children (NHML). As a matter of course, maxillo-facial lesions are not exclusive, as we thought thirty years ago, but it is evident that they are extremely frequent in tropical areas. They strike all facial quadrants. Their aspects are always impressive, they perfectly diminish by a well applied polychemotherapy.

Africa, Central↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Quantitative Buffy Coat test (Q.B.C. test). Monofluo Kit Falciparum. Comparative value in the rapid diagnosis of malaria].

New emerging atypical forms of malaria, characterized by weak parasitemia, among peoples without premunition, back from Plasmodium falciparum resistant areas, make it necessary to use rapid, sensitive, reliable methods of parasitologic diagnosis. This work concerned two different populations: 394 expatriates back from a 4 months stage in endemic areas. 12 patients admitted for suspected of proved malaria. Authors have studied, by double blind method, versus thin film, two fluorescent techniques: a direct immunofluorescence, the Monofluo kit Falciparum of Diagnostic Pasteur. A nucleic acid fluorescence, on blood samples centrifuged in capillary tubes, the Q.B.C. test of Becton-Dickinson. Both methods seem of great interest for epidemiological surveys. The Q.B.C. test has showed more sensitivity than the thin film: it's rapidity of realisation indicates it for urgent diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology and prophylaxis of viral hemorrhagic fevers].

A review of virus hemorrhagic fevers has been carried out. The different etiological agents belong either to arboviruses, either to related genera. The authors recall the main epidemiological aspects, in particular the transmission ways and means. Prophylaxis is to be taught of which behaviour can be taken in regard to a questionable case as well as permanent measures of control on the field. Although an extreme carefulness is necessary, the experience of the recent past years indicate that classical measures of isolation are generally adequate to prevent any emergence of secondary cases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Extra-abdominal desmoid fibroma and pulmonary metastases. (New Caledonia)].

A 22 years old Melanesian patient had a tumor in the anterior and external side of the left leg. Three times, this tumor had a surgical treatment, by resection, then an amputation of the leg. Always, its histological aspect was agreeing with a desmoid fibroma. After an evolution of 23 months time, metastases appeared in the lungs. Most of the authors don't agree the existence of metastases in these tumors. Four observations were reported in the literature, including one in 1989. They emphasize the difficulties of the histological diagnosis of these tumors. The metastases seems to be an argument in the evolution, which incites to modify the initial diagnosis as a fibrosarcoma in spite of the lack of obvious histological malignancy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus. Comparative study of the histologic lesions and of viral replication].

The incidence of two markers of viral replication (viral DNA in sera and HBc Ag on liver) was studied in 22 patients and compared to the histological features of needle biopsy of the liver. We obtained a 100% qualitative correlation between both methods. The presence of these two markers of replication is independent of the histological feature of the hepatic lesions we studied. Using our knowledge of the recent discoveries about chronic HBV infection, we proved that a close examination of both results modifies the predictive value of each one. The pejorative characteristic of the CAH is particularly doubtful in some cases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relevance of a technic for studying hepatitis B virus replication in developing countries].

Using our knowledge of recent discoveries on chronic HBV hepatitis, we consider the indispensable addition that the close study of HBV replication represents. An accurate evaluation of this replication can be obtained through quantitative research of the HBc antigen on liver. The detection is currently facilitated by the production and marketing of good quality antisera and revelation systems. The routine application of these techniques by classical histology departments is possible.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chondrosarcoma with a myxoid component. Apropos of a "giant" tumor recurrence].

Reporting on a giant tumorous recurrence of a chondrosarcoma with a myxoid component, without perceptible locoregional or general extension, the authors recall the possible long-term evolution of this type of tumor. They underline the difficulty of anatomopathologic diagnosis of tumors with cartilaginous structure, and the necessity for frequent monitoring after exeresis.

Chondrosarcoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diarrhea and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the tropics (tropical AIDS). The place of digestive endoscopic examinations in diagnosing opportunistic infections].

A.I.D.S. has revealed some parasitic, microbiotic, mycotic or viral diseases causing diarrhea or has given a revival of interest to them. So are Cryptosporidium, Isospora belli, Salmonella typhi murium, Cytomegalovirus. Some easy techniques lead to the diagnosis of some pathogenic agents, such as parasitologic diagnosis of Cryptosporidium. Some other pathogenic agents call for a biopsy in view of an histopathology test: it is the case of Cytomegalovirus of which the diagnosis is stated positively by the histological picture with virus intranuclear inclusions. Then, it is necessary to make clear the actual indications of digestive endoscopic scanning when confronted by a diarrhea of tropical A.I.D.S.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Control of an epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in Central Africa].

A severe epidemic of group A meningococcal disease occurred in the northwest part of the Central African Republic from January to March 1992. The outbreak affected a large and densely populated area, with a poor road network, located 400 kilometers south of the classical meningitis belt. An initial selective vaccination campaign was carried out by the national health care service. As the epidemic was continuing, the national authorities asked for international assistance. The French participated by sending Bioforce, a medical task force designed by the Ministry of Defense, with the financial support of the Ministry of Cooperation. Neisseria meningitidis strains were isolated and identified within 36 hours by the Bioforce field laboratory. Strains from 24 patients were sent to the Pasteur Institute in Paris (Neisseria Unit) for serotyping, testing of antibiotic susceptibility, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. With one exception, all strains had formula A:4:P1.9. By an initial rapid assessment, the limits of the affected area and populations were determined. The weekly incidence rates observed in different areas varied within a range of 3 to 10 cases per 1,000, with fatality rates from 20 to 30 cases per 100. The spread of the epidemic was stopped by a mass vaccination campaign, which targeted the entire population (200,000 immunizations) of the affected area. The case fatality rate could not be reduced below 15%, despite antimicrobial treatments implemented as soon as possible. The optimal treatment was the standard single intramuscular injection of oily chloramphenicol. The predictive values of clinical symptoms were calculated. The efficacy of vaccination was estimated by comparison of the percentage of people immunized and the proportion of those vaccinated people who developed meningitis identified during the 3 weeks following the mass vaccination campaign. The efficacy varied between 93 to 95% according to the place. The typical weekly incidence rate of 1 case per 1,000 is not a relevant threshold to sufficiently and immediately detect a meningitis outbreak and needs to be reconsidered.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Viral hepatitis A: when a changing epidemiology implies a different prophylaxis].

Major progress has been made in the epidemiology and prophylaxis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) since it was first discovered in stool samples by MacCallum in 1973. Seven types of the virus have been described. Types 1, 2, 3 and 7 occur in humans and types 4, 5 and 6 in monkeys, but genotype is not correlated with antigenic response. Immunization with the HM175 viral strain or natural infection by any of the virus types gives protection against all types of HAV affecting humans. Serological tests detect all types of the virus and make it possible to carry out epidemiological studies anywhere in the world. HAV is common in very young children in developing countries. Most ten-year-old children are immune and have no clinical signs of the illness. HAV infection has become less common in developed countries due to improvements in hygiene. Less than 40% of people under the age of 30 have been immunized. Non-immune individuals have a high risk of developing clinical hepatitis if they become infected and the older the patient at the time of infection, the more severe the disease is likely to be. The introduction of HAV into groups in which the majority of individuals have not been immunized may result in major local outbreaks. Prophylaxis schemes are developed on the basis of epidemiology. Vaccination is not routinely recommended in developing countries, except for visitors to those countries. Vaccination is recommended for individuals in high-risk groups, such as health workers, cooks, sewer maintenance engineers and tourists, in developed countries. In countries with an intermediate level of risk (East Europe, the Middle East and Southeast Asia), there is a high level of HAV infection and a low level of immunization. Vaccination programs are likely to be of value in these countries.

Adult↗