Gadolinium-enhanced MRI of intracranial lesions. A review of indications and results.
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Brain↗
Biomedical subjects
G Marchal
Publications and source records attributed to G Marchal.
MRA review.
Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is a rapidly evolving field in MR imaging, the main goal of which is a noninvasive tool for visualizing blood vessels. The acquisition of continuous images of the blood vessels, comparable to the conventional DSA images, as well as the functional evaluation of blood-flow velocities and flow patterns are the subject of continuing developments. The basic principles of the various techniques and their clinical applications are reviewed and the practical limitations in specific anatomic regions discussed. The review concludes with a survey of future developments.
Angiography↗
[Multiple sclerosis associated with biological symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. A case with anatomical study].
A clinical history typical of multisclerosis began in a 20-year old man with transient, then permanent manifestations involving the optic tract and the pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar systems. The patient died at the age of 62, at the end-stage of a complex clinical situation which included paraplegia, bilateral cerebellar syndrome, optic nerve atrophy, epileptic seizures and dementia. When the patient was 54 years old, laboratory findings suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were discovered, namely: antinuclear, native anti-DNA, anti-Sm antibodies, circulating anticoagulant, cryoglobulinaemia and low complement level. These abnormalities persisted up to the patient's death, 8 years later, without any non-neurological sign of SLE. Post-mortem examination showed lesions of focal demyelination characteristic of multiple sclerosis, but no evidence of cerebral or extracerebral SLE. This case raises the problem of borderlines or associations between systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. In our case, as in other cases of "lupoid sclerosis" reported in the literature, there was a frank and isolated elevation of serum IgM levels.
Adult↗
Numeration of DTH-mediating T lymphocytes in mice under optimal titration conditions.
The magnitude of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction observed in appropriately immunized mice appears to be dependent on an early non-specific inflammatory reaction. The volume of injection and dose of antigen are two major components of this early reaction. The determination of optimal conditions for revealing the DTH reaction enabled definition of a titration method for DTH-mediating T lymphocytes. Injection of a subinflammatory dose of antigen led to conditions of limiting dilution analysis. Thereafter, the initiation of DTH reaction by local injection of a minute number of sensitized cells mixed with an optimal dose of antigen allowed in vivo titration of sensitized T lymphocytes. Single-hit linear curves were obtained when the percentages of negative transfers were plotted against the number of transferred cells in the classical semi-log plot of Poisson's distribution. Initiation of reaction by a quantal mechanism and results giving a linear plot (a single cell type being diluted out) served as an indication that a numeration of sensitized T cells had been performed for the more diluted concentrations of cells assayed.
Animals↗
BCG-induced anaemia in mice: no direct effect of the growth of bacilli.
Mice receiving viable BCG intravenously (i. v.) rapidly and transiently develop anaemia, the origin of which is a decrease in erythropoietic progenitor cells. BCG-induced anaemia appears to be related to conditions which allow the development of a protective immune response against BCG infection. An increased number of blood phagocytes is strictly associated with the development of the anaemia and is dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes. Anaemia does not occur in some strains of mice: C3H/He Past strain was chosen as a typical non-responding strain and the opposite C57BL/6 strain as a responding one. Enumerations of BCG particles were performed in haemopoietic tissues, spleen and bone marrow of mice of the two strains in order to appreciate an eventual direct effect of bacilli growth on erythropoiesis. We never observed the particular growth of bacilli in mice which developed anaemia. On the contrary, the number of BCG viable units decreased progressively in responding strain C57BL/6 when numerations were performed after the 2nd month of the infection. This ability of C57BL/6 mice to control the infection contrasted with a relapse of bacilli growth in C3H.
Anemia↗
Cyclosporin A inhibits the delayed-type hypersensitivity effector function of T lymphocytes without affecting their clonal expansion.
The effect of an immunosuppressor, cyclosporin A (CsA), on the induction by sheep erythrocytes of T cells mediating the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was investigated using a quantitative assay of DTH-mediating T lymphocytes. CsA administration did not affect their clonal expansion following immunization. The frequency of the DTH-mediating T cells was not significantly different in mice sensitized by antigens in the presence or absence of CsA. However, CsA interfered with expression of effector function of DTH-mediating T lymphocytes by impairing the production of pro-inflammatory factor(s). Resting T cells as well as blast T cells were sensitive to this inhibitory effect of CsA.
Animals↗
Subsets of specific T cells and experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Animals↗
Ovarian vein embolization for the treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome: long-term technical and clinical results.
PURPOSE: Ovarian vein embolization has been used recently to treat pelvic congestion syndrome. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ovarian vein embolization in the treatment of symptomatic pelvic varices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed ovarian vein embolization in 41 patients (mean age, 37.8 years; range, 30-58 years): 32 patients underwent unilateral embolization and nine patients underwent bilateral embolization. All had lower abdominal pain and pelvic varicosities were found on retrograde ovarian vein venography. Embolization was performed with a mixture of enbucrilate and lipiodized oil in all but one patient, in whom enbucrilate and minicoils were used. Initial technical success rate and clinical follow-up (1-61 months; mean, 19.9 months), conducted with use of mailed questionnaires, are reported. RESULTS: Initial technical success rate was 98%. Immediate complications were noted in two patients (4%) in the form of migration of some fragments of glue (used as embolic agent), which was treated conservatively. Clinical follow-up reveals variable symptomatic relief in 9.7% of cases and a total relief of symptoms in 58.5% of cases. Results in patients who had insufficient ovarian veins bilaterally were no better than those in patients for whom only the left ovarian vein was found insufficient. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter embolization of the ovarian veins is a safe and feasible technique leading to complete relief of symptoms in more than half of cases. No statistically significant difference in clinical outcome could be noted between patients presenting with bilateral insufficient ovarian veins, who underwent bilateral embolization, and patients presenting with an insufficient left ovarian vein, who underwent left unilateral embolization.
Abdominal Pain↗
The kinetic occipital region in human visual cortex.
In the present study we showed that the kinetic occipital (KO) region, located laterally in occipital cortex approximately 20 mm behind human MT/V5, can be strongly and bilaterally activated under passive viewing conditions. We used continuous, randomly changing visual stimulation to compare kinetic gratings to uniform motion and kinetic gratings to luminance defined gratings. The KO activations under these passive conditions are stronger than those observed when the two types of gratings are compared under active conditions, i.e. while subjects perform a task (counting gratings of a given orientation). Region KO was shown to process both shape and motion information, the conjunction of which is typically present in kinetic contours. Area MT/V5 also processes these two aspects of visual stimulation but favors motion signals. Clear segregation of shape and motion processing was observed only in occipitotemporal and parietal regions respectively. Although neurons with properties similar to those derived from the conditions activating the KO region have been documented in the macaque monkey, their location seems inappropriate for them to correspond to the KO activation observed in humans.
Adult↗
The kinetic occipital (KO) region in man: an fMRI study.
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore, in individual subjects, the properties of the kinetic occipital (KO) region, which previous position emission tomography studies have shown to be involved in the processing of kinetic boundaries. The KO region was significantly activated in 23/25 subjects tested in the subtraction of uniform motion from kinetic gratings. The KO region is genuinely specialized for processing kinetic boundaries since it is significantly more activated by kinetic gratings than by luminance-defined gratings, uniform motion or transparent motion. This leaves only the kinetic boundaries, created by discontinuities in motion direction, as the specific stimulus aspect, activating the KO region. The KO region is anatomically and functionally distinct from areas MT/V5, V3 and V3A. It also has minimal overlap with the lateral occipital (LO) region. The selective activation of the KO region is robust and relatively immune to changes in stimulus size, spatial frequency and type of kinetic boundary. These results strongly argue for the view that the KO region is a new, separate, functional region in human occipital cortex.
Adolescent↗
Fertile dominant spotting in the house mouse.
Recognition of a new allele (Wf) at the W locus of the mouse is based on genetic analysis and demonstration of defective hair pigmentation, macrocytic anemia, and defects in pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. Unlike other alleles of the W series, this one does not result in sterility.
Alleles↗
Correlation of sonographic patterns in liver metastases with histology and microangiography.
Thirty-three livers with microscopic metastatic involvement were studied at autopsy by high resolution real time ultrasound at 7.5 and 10 MHz. Eighteen lesions with different sonographic appearances were selected for further microangiographic and histologic analysis. Tumor vascularity was assessed on microangiography. The anatomic pathologic study included both the evaluation of the microscopic and histologic appearances.
Adenocarcinoma↗
CT and ultrasound features of post-traumatic adrenal hemorrhage.
Computed tomographic and ultrasound features in four cases of post-traumatic unilateral adrenal hemorrhage are reported. The CT findings consist of enlargement of the gland with hyperdensity, streaky infiltration of the periadrenal fat, and enlargement of the adjacent crus. On ultrasound the suprarenal mass appears moderately echogenic. Long-term follow-up studies show decrease of the volume of the mass, with CT and ultrasonic patterns consistent with resolving hematomas.
Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
CT diagnosis of primary torsion of greater omentum.
The etiology of primary volvulus of the omentum in the absence of other intraabdominal pathology remains obscure. Abdominal pain and tenderness are always present. Computed tomography demonstrates an abdominal mass composed of fatty and fibrous folds. Characteristic for a torsion is the concentric distribution of the fibrous folds at the site of torsion.
Female↗
CT demonstration of right hepatic lobe atrophy.
Postoperative bile duct obstruction with subsequent stone formation and infection led to atrophy of the ipsilateral lobe and portal vein obstruction, which promoted further atrophic changes. The compensatory increase in hepatic arterial blood flow resulted in an early enhancement of the atrophic lobe on CT after intravenous contrast medium injection.
Atrophy↗
Computed tomography of acute jejunogastric intussusception.
A case of acute retrograde jejunogastric intussusception occurred 31 years after a Billroth II partial gastrectomy. Gastroscopy was nondiagnostic. The CT features allowed a correct diagnosis.
Acute Disease↗
Computed tomography of the stomach with water as an oral contrast agent: technique and preliminary results.
Computed tomography of the gastric wall after ingestion of 500-700 ml of pure tap water, followed by rapid intravenous injection of contrast medium, was performed on 24 patients with known gastric tumors. Computed tomography detected the wall abnormality in 22 of 24 cases (91%). Local gastric involvement was correctly predicted in 20 of these patients. Tumoral ulceration was only diagnosed in two of 13 proven ulcerated tumors. General acceptance and tolerance of tap water as a gastric contrast medium was good in all patients. No side effects occurred.
Contrast Media↗
Thickening of dura surrounding meningiomas: MR features.
Thickening of the dura in continuity with a convexity meningioma was noted on T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images in seven patients. In five cases the corresponding CT image of the lesions was typical of meningioma. In two other cases the CT image of the lesions was atypical, owing to cyst formation in one and extensive edema in the other. After intravenous injection of paramagnetic contrast medium in four patients, the thickened dura demonstrated contrast enhancement at a variable distance from the tumor. In three patients the thickened dura was confirmed surgically. Pathology, available in one case, showed the thickened dura to correspond to tumoral extension within or around the dura. Magnetic resonance demonstration of thickening of the dura in continuity with a mass at the cerebral convexity may prove to be of importance in the differentiation of atypical lesions on CT and MR, especially with lower field magnets. Moreover, it could provide useful information to the neurosurgeon for more complete resection of the tumor.
Aged↗