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Biomedical subjects

G M Swanson

Publications and source records attributed to G M Swanson.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Increasing incidence of cancer of the prostate. The experience of black and white men in the Detroit metropolitan area.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer mortality and incidence rates have been gradually increasing for decades in the United States, with an accelerated increase in incidence noted in the past several years. This study explores in detail the occurrence of prostate cancer in southeast Michigan from 1973 through 1991. METHODS: Data from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program are analyzed with emphasis on time trends by race, age, stage, and treatment. RESULTS: Population-based rates for prostate cancer increased by 70% between 1988 and 1991. Increases are most pronounced for early stage disease and among whites compared with blacks. Corresponding increases in treatment with radical prostatectomy are also observed. CONCLUSION: Increased incidence of prostate cancer is likely a result of widespread use of prostate-specific antigen.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1994

Trends in cervical cancer incidence among young black and white women in metropolitan Detroit.

BACKGROUND: Although the overall incidence of invasive cervical cancer in the United States has declined over the past several decades, recent studies suggest that rates for both invasive and in situ cervical cancer are rising among younger women. METHODS: Trends in cervical cancer incidence among females between the ages of 15 and 39 years were evaluated using data from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System, a population-based registry and founding participant in the SEER Program of the National Cancer Institute. Age-adjusted and age-specific rates for all black and white women in this age group were evaluated as well as rates for married and single women for the period 1973-1991. RESULTS: Incidence trends vary by race and marital status. A nonlinear increasing trend was evident (P < 0.01), for in situ cervical cancer among white women, with rates for single white women exhibiting the largest increase. Rates among black women for in situ cervical cancer exhibited a nonlinear decreasing trend (P < 0.01), with rates for married black women declining by 75%. Among single white women, invasive cervical cancer exhibited an increasing linear trend (P < 0.01), although the number of cases was small. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in trends among black and white women may reflect a combination of greater exposure to risk factors associated with cervical carcinoma as well as differential access to diagnostic and treatment services. Appropriate groups should be targeted for educational, screening, and follow-up services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Descriptive epidemiology of prostate cancer in metropolitan Detroit.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of prostate cancer among US men increased more than five times over the past six decades. Black men in the United States now have the world's highest reported incidence of prostate cancer. The authors examined the distribution of prostate cancer in metropolitan Detroit from 1973 to 1989. METHODS: Cases collected by the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System were used to calculate standardized age-adjusted rates of prostate cancer by race and stage and standardized age-specific rates for the age groups 60-69, 70-79 and 80 years and older. Over 24,000 cases involving black and white men were analyzed. RESULTS: During 1973 to 1989, age-adjusted rates of prostate cancer diagnosed among white men doubled from 54.3 to 109.9 per 100,000 and those among black men increased by nearly 40% from 106.9 to 148.6 per 100,000. Average annual increases in age-adjusted rates for white and black men were 4.4 and 2.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Age-adjusted rates of prostate cancer diagnosed among white men increased more rapidly than rates among black men during 1973 to 1989. The more rapid increase in cases diagnosed in white men may represent differences in access and exposure to early detection and treatment practices. Improved efforts toward earlier detection are needed, especially among black men.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

The role of family history in risk of childhood brain tumors.

BACKGROUND: Although brain tumors are the second most frequent malignancy in children, relatively little is known about the role of family history in risk of these tumors. METHODS: Children under the age of 18 years (n = 361) in whom primary brain tumors were diagnosed were identified from eight United States population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries and compared to matched controls (n = 1083) identified by random-digit dialing. Information regarding family history of birth defects or tumors was obtained, along with data on other potential risk factors, from interviews with the mothers and fathers of the index children. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in family history of epilepsy. However, moderate elevations in risk were observed for a history of birth defects in maternal relatives, particularly for female propositi. Significantly more mothers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63, 95% confidence limits [CL] = 1.03, 2.57) and maternal female relatives (OR = 2.15, 95% CL = 1.14, 4.06) of cases than of controls were reported to have had birth defects. History of birth defects in maternal relatives was particularly associated with childhood brain tumors of "other" (not astrocytoma or medulloblastoma) histologic type (OR = 2.37, 95% CL = 1.25, 4.53) and infratentorial tumors (OR = 1.76, 95% CL = 1.06, 2.93). Slight excesses of tumors were observed in paternal relatives of children with astrocytomas (OR = 1.43, 95% CL 0.93, 2.20) or with infratentorial tumors (OR = 1.46, 95% CL 0.97, 2.20). Risk of childhood brain tumors did not increase with the number of relatives affected with brain tumors, breast cancer, leukemia or lymphoma, soft tissue sarcomas, or all of these tumor types combined (the Li-Fraumeni syndrome). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a modest increase in risk of childhood brain tumors associated with maternal family history of birth defects. Family history of tumors does not appear to contribute appreciably to an increased risk of brain tumors in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction in white men in the United States: alcohol, tobacco, and socioeconomic factors.

In the United States, the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, including the esophagogastric (EG) junction, has been increasing rapidly over the past two decades. Except for an association with Barrett's esophagus, little is known about the etiology of these cancers. A population-based case-control interview study of 174 White men with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and 750 controls living in three areas of the United States offered the opportunity to investigate the relationship of these cancers with smoking, alcohol drinking, socioeconomic factors, and history of ulcer. There were significantly elevated risks for men who smoked cigarettes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1) or drank liquor (OR = 1.6). For both cigarette smoking and liquor drinking, there were significant dose gradients with amount consumed. No reduction in risk was observed following smoking cessation. Subjects who switched from nonfilter to filter cigarettes experienced half the risk of those who only smoked nonfilter cigarettes. Inverse risk gradients were seen with increasing recent annual income, with the highest risk (OR = 3.4) for the lowest category. The risk for a history of ulcer (OR = 1.7), especially of the duodenum (OR = 2.2), was also significantly elevated. These data suggest that tobacco and alcohol may be etiologic factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and EG junction, but these factors do not appear to explain the rapid rise in incidence of these tumors. The associations with low social class and history of ulcer need to be explored in greater detail along with other factors that may account for the temporal trends in esophageal adenocarcinomas.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

Tobacco use and prostate cancer in blacks and whites in the United States.

Prostate cancer occurs more frequently in Blacks than Whites in the United States. A population-based case-control study which investigated the association between tobacco use and prostate cancer risk was carried out among 981 pathologically confirmed cases (479 Blacks, 502 Whites) of prostate cancer, diagnosed between 1 August 1986 and 30 April 1989, and 1,315 controls (594 Blacks, 721 Whites). Study subjects, aged 40 to 79 years, resided in Atlanta (GA), Detroit (MI), and 10 counties in New Jersey, geographic areas covered by three, population-based, cancer registries. No excesses in risk for prostate cancer were seen for former cigarette smokers, in Blacks (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.7-1.5) and in Whites (OR = 1.2, CI = 0.9-1.6), or for current cigarette smokers, in Blacks (OR = 1.0, CI = 0.7-1.4) and in Whites (OR = 1.2, CI = 0.8-1.7). Increases in risk were noted for smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day, among former (OR = 1.4, CI = 1.0-1.5) and current (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.0-2.4) smokers. Duration of cigarette use and cumulative amount of cigarette use (pack-years) were not associated with prostate cancer risk for Blacks or Whites. By age, only the youngest subjects, aged 40 to 59 years, showed excess risk associated with current (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.0-2.3) and former (OR = 1.7, CI = 1.1-2.6) use of cigarettes, but there were no consistent patterns in this group according to amount or duration of smoking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Multiple myeloma among blacks and whites in the United States: the role of chronic antigenic stimulation.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is twice as common among Blacks than Whites in the United States. The reasons for this racial disparity are unknown, and the etiology of this cancer, in general, is poorly understood. Repeated or chronic antigenic stimulation (CAS) of the immune system has been suggested as a risk factor. Previous case-control studies have reported inconsistent CAS associations based on evaluations of individual and biologic categories of medical conditions. Interview data from 573 cases and 2,131 population-based controls were used to investigate further the CAS hypothesis using an immunologically based approach, and to determine whether CAS accounts for the excess of myeloma among Blacks. Over 50 medical conditions were grouped into biologically and immunologically related categories, and B-cell- and T-cell-mediated response groups. Except for urinary tract infections among Black men (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0), no significantly increased risks of MM were observed. However, there was a suggestion of increased risk among Blacks with an increased exposure to anaphylactic conditions. Analysis by immunoglobulin type revealed significantly elevated risks of IgG myeloma with eczema (OR = 2.1), the biologic category 'allergic conditions' (OR = 1.6), and the immunologic category 'anaphylaxis response' (OR = 1.6) among Whites, with Blacks having slightly lower risks. Our findings do not support a causal relationship between CAS and MM, nor do they explain the higher incidence among Blacks.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Exposure to hair-coloring products and the risk of multiple myeloma.

An interview study of persons diagnosed with multiple myeloma between 1977 and 1981 and suitable control subjects was conducted to test the hypothesis that exposure to hair dyes increases the risk of multiple myeloma. Among women, there was little evidence that prior regular use of hair dyes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70, 1.4) or prior employment as a hairdresser (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.43, 2.7) increased risk; however, the former comparison was limited by the lack of detailed information concerning the exposure. Among men, there was a modest association of regular use of hair dyes (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.75, 2.9) with myeloma, but this was based on a small number of exposed persons.

Beauty Culture↗
PubMed1994

Construction occupations, asbestos exposure, and cancer of the colon and rectum.

Colorectal cancer affects more than 157,000 Americans annually. Occupational risk from exposure to asbestos dust has been implicated, leading us to explore further the possible association between colorectal cancer and asbestos. Two hundred sixty-one cases of colon and rectal cancer and 183 control cases were identified within a large, population-based case-control study conducted in southeast Michigan. Employment in occupations historically known to involve heavy exposure to asbestos was used as a surrogate for asbestos exposure. Cancers of the colon showed reduced odds ratios. Our findings differ substantially from those of the previous studies showing elevated risk. Further study is needed to address the same question, with specified asbestos exposure assessment and control for potentially significant confounders such as physical activity and diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Survival patterns among younger women with breast cancer: the effects of age, race, stage, and treatment.

Several hundred studies of breast cancer survival are published each year; yet few of them include women under the age of 50, and almost none of them specifically examine prognosis among women in their 20s through 40s. The few published reports that analyze survival after breast cancer among these young patients do not provide a consistent or definitive description of their survival experience. The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program offers a unique opportunity to analyze breast cancer survival in depth among younger women. In this report, survival patterns of all black and white women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1983 and 1989, aged 20 and older, microscopically confirmed, and undergoing surgery, in the SEER program have been analyzed. There are 77,368 women included in this study, 92.8% of whom were white. Less than 1% (562 patients) of these breast cancer patients were between the ages of 20 and 29, 6.5% (5062 patients) were 30-39, and 15.2% (11,789 patients) were 40-49. Survival was calculated utilizing a mixture model to evaluate the cause-specific hazards of dying of breast cancer versus dying of other causes of death. We investigated the hazard of dying of breast cancer versus other causes of death by age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, extent of disease and diagnosis, and treatment. Stage was stratified into three categories: 1) cases with no axillary lymph node involvement, 2) cases with axillary lymph node involvement, and 3) cases with distant metastases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Breast cancer among black and white women in the 1980s. Changing patterns in the United States by race, age, and extent of disease.

BACKGROUND: This national study of breast cancer incidence and mortality was conducted to determine whether patterns of change differ for black and white women, to evaluate patterns by extent of disease, and to determine whether recent patterns of breast cancer are consistent with results that one would expect due to increases in use of screening examinations by women. METHODS: The study included 104,351 cases of in situ or invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 1983 and 1989 among women from the nine geographic areas participating in the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Breast cancer incidence patterns were examined by extent of disease for black and white women and by age at diagnosis. RESULTS: Significant increases occurred in the incidence of all early-stage breast cancers. Concomitantly, significant decreases occurred in the incidence of the most advanced-stage breast cancers. Although both white and black women experienced significant increases in early-stage breast cancer, black women have substantially lower rates of the least extensive breast cancers. CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that a major explanation for the increase in breast cancer incidence in the 1980s may well be the increased prevalence of breast cancer screening among women in the United States. They also suggest a consistent benefit of screening across all age groups from 40 to 49 years through 70 years and older.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Parental smoking and risk of childhood brain tumors.

Data from a large, population-based, case-control study were analyzed to assess the role of parental smoking in childhood brain tumors. Parents of 361 cases, newly diagnosed between January 1, 1977 and December 31, 1981 and ascertained from eight Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program registries, and 1,083 controls had been interviewed. No significant differences in risks were found to be associated with maternal or paternal smoking at any time (odds ratio (OR) = 0.92 for mothers and 1.06 for fathers), during the year of birth of the child (which included both the prenatal and postnatal periods) (ORs = 0.84 for < 1 pack/day and 1.0 for > or = 1 pack/day for mothers, and 0.68 for < 1 pack/day and 1.07 for > or = 1 pack/day for fathers), or 2 years before the child was born, i.e., the pre-conception period (ORs = 0.75 for < 1 pack/day and 1.01 for > or = 1 pack/day for mothers, and 0.90 for < 1 pack/day and 1.15 for > or = 1 pack/day for fathers). Mothers were also specifically asked if they smoked during the pregnancy, and no association was found compared with never smokers (OR = 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80-1.45) or for ever-smokers who continued to smoke during pregnancy compared with those who stopped smoking during pregnancy (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.75-1.78). Finally, no significant increase in risk of brain tumors was found for the child's passive exposure to parental smoking during the period from birth to diagnosis of the brain tumor in the case. The lack of an effect of parental smoking was observed for both the major histologic types and locations of brain tumors. These findings and those from earlier studies provide no support for the hypothesis that parental cigarette smoking influences the risk of brain tumors in children.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Recent trends in the incidence of in situ and invasive breast cancer in the Detroit metropolitan area (1975-1988).

BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, breast cancer incidence rates have increased dramatically for women in all age groups. METHODS: Breast cancer incidence trends were evaluated in a population-based study of data from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System, a participant in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute. Incidence rates from 1975 through 1988 were evaluated, based on tumor size, age at diagnosis, and race. RESULTS: Age-adjusted rates for all breast cancers have increased since 1975, with the largest change occurring since 1983. Age-adjusted incidence rates for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and cancers smaller than 2.0 cm were higher in white women than black women, whereas age-adjusted incidence rates for larger tumors (> or = 2.0 cm) have been higher in black women since 1985. The rate of increase in incidence as measured by the average interval percentage change was highest for DCIS and small invasive tumors (< 1.0 cm) for all age groups of women. CONCLUSIONS: The more rapid increase in incidence of early breast cancer in the population suggests that the observed increase in breast cancer incidence over the last 2 decades may have resulted, at least in part, from a screening effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vasectomy and prostate cancer in US blacks and whites.

A large population-based case-control study was carried out to investigate the association between vasectomy and prostate cancer risk in black and in white men in the United States. Study subjects resided in the geographic areas covered by the population-based cancer registries of the Georgia Center for Cancer Statistics, or the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System, or in 10 counties included in the cancer registry of the New Jersey State Health Department. Cases for this study were men aged 40-79 years identified from pathology and outpatient records at hospitals covered by these registries, newly diagnosed with pathologically confirmed prostate cancer between August 1, 1986, and April 30, 1989. Population controls less than age 65 years were selected at periodic intervals by random digit dialing. Older controls were systematically selected (after a random start) from computerized records of the Health Care Finance Administration. A statistically nonsignificant excess risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-4.8) for prostate cancer associated with vasectomy was noted in blacks. Overall, the risk for prostate cancer associated with vasectomy in whites was not elevated (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.7). An increase in risk was found, however, for white men who had had a vasectomy 20 years or more prior to study (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 0.9-3.3) or who had had a vasectomy at less than age 35 years (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.4). For the total study group, the odds ratio associated with men who had a vasectomy 20 or more years prior to study was 1.5 (95% CI 0.8-2.7), and the odds ratio associated with men who had had a vasectomy at less than age 35 years was 2.0 (95% CI 1.0-4.0). Further detailed analysis showed that young age at vasectomy (less than age 35 years) was a more important risk factor than was years since vasectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A case-control study of multiple myeloma and occupation.

Lifetime job histories from a population-based, case-control study were analyzed to investigate the relationship between multiple myeloma and employment in various occupations and industries. Interviews were obtained from 89% (692) of eligible incident cases and 83% (1683) of eligible controls. An elevated risk was observed among persons ever employed as painters [odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-3.6], particularly for those employed for 10 or more years (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.8-10.4). A small excess risk was observed among agricultural workers employed for 10 or more years (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0-2.2), with a higher relative risk observed among farm laborers (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0-4.0). Among agricultural workers who reported having been highly exposed to pesticides, the OR was 5.2 (95% CI = 1.6-21.1). Some evidence, based on smaller numbers, was also found to support an association with firefighting and employment in the petroleum- and coal-products manufacturing industries. Little evidence was found to support the previously noted association with wood exposure, and no evidence for an association with employment in the rubber or petroleum refining industries was found. This study lends further support to previously reported associations between multiple myeloma and employment among painters and agricultural workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiology of the M-component immunoglobulin types of multiple myeloma.

The purpose of this population-based case-control study was to learn whether risk factors differ for the individual immunoglobulin types of multiple myeloma. In particular, we sought to determine whether IgA and IgG myeloma were related to a history of exposure to reported IgA- and IgG-stimulating conditions, respectively, or to a history of selected occupational and physicochemical exposures. The M-component immunoglobulin type was determined from immunoelectrophoresis as reported in medical records, and exposure status was obtained through in-person interviews. IgG (56 percent) and IgA (22 percent) M-components predominated. For 17 percent of cases, no peak was found on immunoelectrophoresis; they were presumed to have light-chain myeloma. Persons with these three types of myeloma did not differ with respect to distributions of age or race, but a somewhat higher proportion of light-chain cases were women (58 percent cf 45 percent of all other cases). Detailed analysis of the IgA and IgG subtypes provided little evidence that they differ with respect to prior immune stimulation or employment in several specific jobs. IgA myeloma, but not IgG myeloma, was associated modestly with a history of exposure to chest and dental X-rays. Our study provides little evidence that IgA and IgG myeloma differ with respect to the risk factors examined.

Benzene↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of diets of blacks and whites in three areas of the United States.

Dietary factors may contribute to the increased cancer risk of blacks. As a first step to explore this hypothesis, we examined food frequency data obtained by interview with 1,976 adults (881 blacks and 1,095 whites) randomly selected from three areas of the United States. The a priori hypothesis was that blacks were more likely to consume diets low in fruits and vegetables and/or high in fat, particularly saturated fat. Contrary to expectation, blacks were more frequent consumers of fruits and vegetables considered to be protective against cancer (e.g., citrus fruits, cruciferous vegetables, and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C). Intake of both total and saturated fat was slightly lower among blacks than whites. This analysis does not rule out a role for these dietary factors in the etiology of cancer but indicates that ascribing the excess cancer risk among blacks to their frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption or intake of fat per se is inadequate. This suggests that alternative dietary explanations for the racial disparity in cancer risk should be pursued in future studies.

Adult↗