Biomedical subjects

G M Innes

Publications and source records attributed to G M Innes.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1997

Intravenous ketamine sedation of pediatric patients in the emergency department.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine efficacy, safety, recovery times, and parental satisfaction with i.v. ketamine sedation in pediatric patients requiring brief, painful procedures in the emergency department. METHODS: Pediatric ED patients whom we found to require brief (< 10 minutes), painful procedures were considered candidates for ketamine sedation. Each subject received 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg i.v. ketamine, after which the necessary procedure was performed. RESULT: Thirty patients, ranging in age from 18 months to 8 years, were enrolled in the study. With the exception of one patients in whom ketamine was inadvertently given subcutaneously, all subjects given i.v. ketamine exhibited sedation adequate for the planned painful procedure within 2 minutes of ketamine administration. An initial bolus of 1.0 mg/kg required supplemental administration of ketamine in 50% of the patients (6 of 12), whereas an initial bolus of 1.5 mg/kg reliably produced adequate sedation in 94% (17 of 18). The median time elapsed before the criteria for discharge after injection were fulfilled was 25 minutes. No deleterious cardiopulmonary effects were noted. Vomiting and mild agitation after the procedure were observed in two and four cases, respectively. At follow-up all parents reported satisfaction with ketamine sedation. CONCLUSION: I.v. ketamine is a consistently effective method of producing a rapid, brief period of profound sedation and analgesia in children in the ED. Although no serious complications were noted in our series, larger studies are needed to establish this drug's safety profile in the ED. Vomiting, ataxia, and agitation were noted in a few cases.

Anesthetics, Dissociative↗

PubMed1995

Breaking away.

While life as hospital employees was comfortable, the lure of independence won out for these two emergency department physicians. Breaking away to develop a new company was not easy, but it's paid off for the entrepreneurs of the Capital Region Emergency Medicine, P.C. Developing an emergency medicine business meant learning all aspects of business: billing services, evaluating legal services, raising capital, and becoming employers. The advantage has been an ability to use profits to improve the moral of staff, an increase in salary, and an overall sense of satisfaction.

Career Mobility↗

PubMed1991

Effects of the inclusion of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and fermentation patterns in the rumen of steers.

The effects of including yeast culture (YC; Saccharomyces cerevisae plus growth medium; 5 x 10(9) organisms/g) in diets for ruminants was examined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 32 multiparous Friesian dairy cows were fed between wk 7 to 12 of lactation one of four completely mixed diets based on either hay or straw plus rolled barley (mixed to give concentrate:forage ratios of either 50:50 or 60:40, respectively) with or without 10 g YC/d in a 2(3) factorial design. Supplementation with YC increased DM intake of the cows by a mean of 1.2 kg/d (P less than or equal to .062) and increased milk yield by 1.4 liters/d (corrected to 4% butterfat; P less than or equal to .05). There was an interaction (P less than .05) between diet composition and YC addition; effects of YC were greatest in diets containing 60:40 (concentrate:forage) ratio. In Exp. 2, three steers were fed a diet of 50% hay and 50% rolled barley (DM basis). Hay was available for the major part of the day but barley was fed in two meals/d. Addition of YC to the diet increased (P less than .05) ruminal pH for 4 h after the barley meal. This elevation in pH probably was due to a reduction (P less than or equal to .01) in the concentration of L-lactate in the ruminal liquor of steers given YC (1.43 vs 3.55 mM; P less than or equal to .01). Peak ruminal L-lactate concentration (7.75 mM) in the controls coincided with time of minimum pH values (2 h after the meal of barley); this peak was absent in steers given YC. YC had no effect on the concentration of VFA in ruminal liquor, but the ratio of acetate to propionate was reduced (P less than or equal to .01) from 3.3:1 to 2.8:1 in steers given YC. The extent of DM degradation of hay incubated in the rumen of steers fed the hay and rolled barley diet was increased (P less than .05) in the presence of YC at 12 h of incubation, but degradation was similar in all treatment groups after 24 h of incubation. Presence of yeast culture in the rumen had effects on ruminal stoichiometry. An increased rate of forage degradation may have increased forage intake and productivity of these dairy cows.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

Effects of bovine pituitary growth hormone alone or in combination with the beta-agonist clenbuterol on muscle growth and composition in veal calves.

Twenty-three British Friesian bull calves at approximately 7 d of age were allocated to one of four treatments: controls untreated (five calves), a group (Clen) given 1 mg clenbuterol/kg diet (five calves), a group (GH) given a daily subcutaneous injection of 3.5 mg bovine pituitary growth hormone (GH) (five calves) and a group (Clen + GH) given a combination of clenbuterol as in the Clen group with GH as in the GH group (seven calves). All calves were given milk-substitute at levels adjusted weekly according to metabolic live weight. The animals were slaughtered over the weight range 150-170 kg. Samples of semimembranosus and triceps muscles were excised at slaughter. Treatment with GH produced approximately a threefold increase in mean daily serum GH concentration. Calves given Clen + GH were heaviest at slaughter and the combined treatment produced a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) feed conversion ratio. Administration of clenbuterol either alone or in combination with GH increased the cross-sectional area of both fast twitch glycolytic (FG), and fast twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibres in both muscles. In contrast GH produced little change in fibre size in semimembranosus muscle, although FOG fibres in triceps were slightly larger than in controls. Neither Clen nor GH resulted in any change in fibre percentage frequency in either muscle. Treatments involving clenbuterol produced a significant decrease in muscle glycogen concentration. Muscles from all three treatment groups tended to show small increases in protein and RNA concentration compared with the controls. Muscles from animals treated with GH alone exhibited an increase in DNA concentration not seen in muscles from the two other treatment groups. Overall, the differential response to the two agents suggested that clenbuterol does not mediate its effects via the GH axis, and that an additive response in terms of protein anabolism may be achieved from the use of a combination of clenbuterol plus GH.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Effects of a beta-agonist (clenbuterol) on growth, carcass composition, protein and energy metabolism of veal calves.

Twenty-two British Friesian bull calves were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to determine the effects of a beta-agonist (clenbuterol) on body composition and energy retention. Four calves were slaughtered at 18 d of age and constituted the initial slaughter group. Of the remaining calves, eight (group A, controls) were given milk replacer only, and ten calves (groups B and C, five calves per group) were given milk replacer plus clenbuterol (0.1 and 1.0 mg clenbuterol/kg milk replacer equivalent to approximately 2 and 20 micrograms/kg body-weight respectively over the 105 +/- 3 d of the experimental period). Calves were slaughtered over the weight range 146-177 kg. Clenbuterol had no significant effect on dry matter (DM) intake, daily live-weight gain or feed conversion ratio. DM digestibility of the milk replacer was not affected by treatment. Nitrogen balance was measured on three separate occasions starting when the calves weighed approximately 60, 110 and 130 kg. N retention was increased over the experimental period in clenbuterol-treated calves, although the effect only achieved significance in calves weighing approximately 110 kg live weight (P less than 0.05). Clenbuterol (20 micrograms/kg body-weight) increased estimated mean daily N retention in the carcass of the calves from 22 to 25 g whilst N retention in the non-carcass components decreased from to 8 g/d. Effects of clenbuterol on N retention occurred mainly in skeletal muscle. Fat in both carcass and non-carcass components was reduced by treatment with clenbuterol. The total energy content of live-weight gain was reduced from 1077 to 897 MJ in clenbuterol-treated calves and mean daily heat production was estimated to increase from 23.1 in controls to 25.9 MJ/d in calves in group C. In calves of mean live weight during balance of 120 and 136 kg, clenbuterol significantly increased daily urinary creatinine excretion and in 120 kg calves N tau-methylhistidine was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05). Based on estimates of muscle mass from urinary creatinine and protein degradation from N tau-methylhistidine excretion, the fractional breakdown rate of muscle protein in clenbuterol-treated calves was only 0.66 of that in the controls when the calves weighed 120 kg.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1982

Effect of immunological castration on sexual and production characteristics in male cattle.

Ten male Friesian calves were actively immunised against luteinising hormone releasing hormone and their production compared with 10 Friesian steer calves. Five of the immunised calves responded poorly (group 1); the other five responded well (group 2), resulting in high antibody titres, low serum testosterone levels, involuted testes, reduced libido and semen production, and docile behavior. The castration effect lasted approximately six months before reversion to near normal male status. This temporary immunocastration failed to affect seriously performance until slaughter, and liveweight gain was substantially better in this group than in the steers. Carcase traits were similar in groups 1 and 2, but the lean content in both was considerably greater than in the steer carcases.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Effects of short term cold exposure on the digestion of milk replacer by young preruminant calves.

Two groups, totalling 29, of 24-day-old Friesian bull calves were offered 0.6 kg milk replacer reconstituted in 2.5 litres warm water once daily and were housed for a period of 14 days at a temperature of either 3 +/- 2 degrees C (cold) or 18 +/0 0.5 degrees C (warm). Mean daily liveweight gains of the groups exposed to cold or warmth were 0.26 and 0.36 +/- 0.04 kg per day respectively (P less than 0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen and fat of the milk replacer were not affected by exposure of the calves to cold and were 0.95 +/- 0.01, 0.92 +/- 0.01 and 0.77 +/- 0.02 respectively for both groups. Water intake and urine volume were significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced by 1.77 and 0.56 litres per day respectively whereas faecal water excretion was increased ty 0.06 litres per day in the cold exposed calves. Over the 10-day period the warm exposed calves were estimated to make a net water retention while there was a net loss of 0.35 litres per day for the group exposed to cold.

Animal Feed↗