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Biomedical subjects

G Lloyd

Publications and source records attributed to G Lloyd.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Efficacy of local graft irradiation in preventing cadaveric renal transplant rejection: a prospective randomized trial.

Successful renal transplantation depends on the modification of the normal immunologic response. The earliest attempts at such modification involved the use of ionizing irradiation. The significant morbidity and mortality of total body irradiation led to its abandonment in favor of the safer technique of local graft irradiation. While still commonly used, the efficacy of this technique has never been evaluated in a prospective, randomized fashion. The present study is a prospective, randomized, double blinded evaluation of the efficacy of the addition of local graft irradiation to our immunosuppressive protocol. One hundred consecutive cadaveric renal transplants were randomized to receive either conventional immunosuppression alone or conventional immunosuppression plus local graft irradiation delivered in doses of 150 rads on the 1st, 3rd and 5th post-operative days. Patients were followed for a period of 2 years. No significant difference was demonstrated between the groups among any measured parameter. In conclusion, the addition of local graft irradiation in doses of 150 rads on d 1, 3, and 5 does not appear to offer any advantage over standard immunosuppressive therapy and its use cannot be recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Toga-like virus as a cause of fulminant hepatitis attributed to sporadic non-A, non-B.

Virus-like particles (60-70 nm) with spiked surfaces budding into cell vacuoles and rod-shaped inclusions were detected in nuclei of hepatocytes from a British patient transplanted for sporadic non-A, non-B fulminant hepatitis (NANB-FHF), probably contracted in Kenya. Identical particles were seen in two successive grafts (days 2 and 10) at regrafting for recurrent FHF. Ultrastructural features resembled those of the RNA-containing arbovirus, Rift Valley fever virus, but serological markers against a representative panel for arboviruses (Togaviruses) and transmission in mice proved negative. The particles shared features with the different arboviruses seen in the hepatectomy specimen of a second patient with NANB-FHF, and in both patients an insect vector was implicated in the clinical history. The particles were identical in size to those of a third patient with NANB-FHF, who had remained in the United Kingdom. These findings, together with the recent report of isolation of an RNA-containing virus resembling the Togaviridae, in parenteral NANB, suggest that several exotic virus-like agents resembling the arboviruses may be involved in the aetiology of NANB, including in the sporadic forms of FHF in the United Kingdom.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Somatization: a psychiatrist's perspective.

Psychiatrists are referred only a small and unrepresentative proportion of patients who somatize. To a large extent this is due to the fact that patients consider themselves physically ill and regard psychiatric referral as inappropriate. Although somatization has several social advantages it obscures underlying psychopathology and leads to unnecessary physical investigations with a risk of iatrogenic disease. It is important to establish a psychiatric diagnosis as early as possible so that treatment can be started before a chronic pattern of illness behaviour is established.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Prevalence of HIV-1 in east African lorry drivers.

Sixty-eight lorry drivers and their assistants were examined for evidence of infection with HIV-1 because of their association and regular contact with prostitutes. Out of a total of 68 drivers, 24 (35.2%) were serologically found to be HIV-1 positive. Epidemiological evidence demonstrated a wide travel history involving seven different countries served by the port of Mombasa. History of other sexually transmitted disorders were significantly higher in HIV-seropositive individuals. The data presented here further support the hypothesis that a major route of heterosexual transmission of HIV in Africa is dissemination through a group such as lorry drivers and their assistants, whose behaviour puts them at risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Effect of bile salts and of fusidic acid on HIV-1 infection of cultured cells.

Bile salts completely inactivated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro and, unexpectedly, completely destroyed all the cultured persistently HIV-1 infected T cells. Fusidic acid, which likewise possesses the properties of an anionic surfactant, inactivated HIV-1 only at concentrations toxic to uninfected cultured cells. Bile salts or their derivatives, and other anionic surfactants, could be of therapeutic value in HIV-1 infections.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Risk factors for the spread of AIDS in rural Africa: evidence from a comparative seroepidemiological survey of AIDS, hepatitis B and syphilis in southwestern Uganda.

Before commencing rational control programmes for AIDS in Africa it is desirable to determine the relative importance of heterosexual and various non-sexual modes of transmission. We investigated this by comparing the seroepidemiologies of AIDS, hepatitis B and syphilis at two rural hospitals in southwest Uganda. During August 1986, 3% of 357 outpatients, reflecting the age and sex composition of the general population, were anti-HIV positive. Anti-HIV seropositivity, both in the outpatients and among 36 suspected prostitutes and 14 suspected AIDS cases, was confined to individuals aged 20 or over. For men, seropositivity was associated with sexual contact with prostitutes (a risk factor for 61% of young men in the study). In the prostitute group, 25% were anti-HIV positive and 46% were positive on the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) test for syphilis. The risk factors for HIV, but not hepatitis B, were the same as for having a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD). However, there was, surprisingly, an association between a history of STD and seropositivity for hepatitis B virus but not for HIV infection. The geographical and age distributions of seropositivity for HIV and hepatitis B virus were also quite different. Finally, blood transfusions, scarification and exposure to mosquitoes (as assessed by a history of malaria) were not evident risk factors for either HIV or hepatitis B virus. AIDS in rural Africa seems to differ in its epidemiology from hepatitis B and appears to be spread predominantly by pre-existing patterns of heterosexual activity responsible for high rates of other sexually transmitted diseases.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of a new strategy for detection of thyroid dysfunction in the routine laboratory.

We assessed the use of a new strategy for detecting thyroid disorders, utilizing a sensitive assay for concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroid hormone in serum as follow-up tests. Of 1279 patients who were not on thyroxin (T4) replacement treatment, 82% could be classified as euthyroid and would require no further tests. In patients who were on T4 replacement, 41% fell into the euthyroid category and would require no further tests. Using this strategy to replace our existing strategy of free thyroxin as a "first-line" test would reduce the proportion of patients who would require one or more follow-up tests from 49% to 24%.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1987

Vaccinia recombinant expressing Lassa-virus internal nucleocapsid protein protects guineapigs against Lassa fever.

The Lister strain of vaccinia virus was used to construct a recombinant that expressed the nucleocapsid gene of Lassa virus. Guineapigs immunised with the recombinant virus were protected against challenge with Lassa virus, whereas control animals showed the usual disease course, including pyrexia, anorexia, viraemia, and death. These data indicate not only that protective immunity to Lassa fever can be evoked by an experimental vaccine, but also that this response can be mediated by an internal protein component of the virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Characterization of Hantaviruses using monoclonal antibodies.

The antigenic relations among nine Hantaviruses from seven different geographic areas were examined in indirect fluorescent antibody test with 12 monoclonal antibodies. Ten monoclonals were prepared against Hantaan virus strain 76-118 and two against Hantavirus B-1, a virus isolated from a tumour in a laboratory rat. Four different serotypes have been differentiated: Hällnäs, Hantaan, Prospect Hill and Rat strain like. Two monoclonal antibodies were able to react with all nine Hantaviruses studied. Rat strain- and Hantaanvirus-specific monoclonal antibodies were documented.

Animals↗