Prevention of hepatitis B infections: vaccination and its limitations.
Infection with hepatitis B virus has become a vaccine-preventable disease. The recombinant hepatitis B vaccines available today are safe and immunogenic. In order for these vaccines to eradicate HBV a universal vaccination of neonates and/or children needs to be implemented. Major obstacles on the road to global hepatitis B vaccination are poverty and scarcity of human resources in those parts of the world who are most badly in need of these vaccines. Despite their proven immunogenicity hepatitis B vaccines are unable to induce an adequate immune response in 5-10% of healthy adults. The non-responsiveness of these subjects is a selective phenomenon and not the expression of a general immune deficiency. Studies that correlated the HLA haplotype of vaccine recipients with their anti-HBs response patterns has led to the identification of markers of good and non/poor response. Universal vaccination of neonates and children has elicited questions about the durability of antibody persistence and the need for booster doses later in life. The European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity has proposed a series of recommendations that are summarized in this review.