Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to G Kossoff.
With gray scale ultrasonics echography, it is possible to identify changes in placental anatomy which formerly have been recognized only by examination of the placenta after delivery. By serial examinations these changes can be detected as they occur. The significance of the changes is discussed and an association between the premature appearance of aging of the placenta and a decline in placental function is noted.
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Radionuclide liver scanning, though a well established technique for the detection of normal liver tissue replacement, has yet to deliver a satisfactory isotope method for distinguishing the benign or malignant nature of a disclosed nonfunctioning area. The solid or cystic nature of focal areas of replacement can be shown by ultrasonic echography, so the malignancy of the area can be inferred. The complementary use of both techniques is recommended.
The antenatal diagnosis of hydrocephaly, microcephaly and anencephaly is discussed and it is shown that ultrasonic echography is suited to the earliest diagnosis of these conditions. In hydrocephaly, demonstration of ventricular size and anatomy is used to assess the severity of the disease.
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Compound scanning shows the size, shape, position, and anatomical relationships between the various organs in the upper abdomen. Gray scale compound scanning gives additional information from the parenchyma of organs and allows description of the characteristic ultrasonic appearance of specific tissues such as liver, spleen, or kidney. The method is complementary to simple scanning and for diagnostic work a combination of the two methods is recommended.
Very small fetal intervertebral and intercostal distances can be measured in B-mode echograms. Such measurements provide a physiological test object which is freely available and devoid of artefact for assessing resolution by ultrasonic echoscopes. Intercostal distances of 2mm have been measured.
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Two cases of fetal urethral obstruction, one with megaureter and obvious hydronephrosis, were diagnosed by two-dimensional ultrasonic echography. With good quality echograms it should be possible to make the diagnosis early in pregnancy.
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