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Biomedical subjects

G Kielhofner

Publications and source records attributed to G Kielhofner.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Learning preferences, values, and student satisfaction.

This study sought to determine the relative importance of values and learning preferences for educational satisfaction and to examine differences in value and learning preferences among undergraduate and graduate occupational therapy students and undergraduate physical therapy students. Although all three groups conformed to a profile of preferring teacher-structured, concrete, interpersonal learning, the graduate occupational therapy students appeared to give greater emphasis to universal social values and to have a stronger preference for abstract learning than both groups of undergraduates. The undergraduates expressed significantly greater satisfaction with their education than the graduate occupational therapy students; for each of the three groups educational satisfaction correlated with a different set of values or learning preferences.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A comparison of play behavior in nonhospitalized and hospitalized children.

Because play is extremely sensitive to environmental conditions, extended hospitalization may have adverse effects on normal play development in young children. This study compared the playfulness, as well as the level of play development, of three 2-year-old children who had been hospitalized most of their lives for tracheostomies, and three 2-year-olds living at home. Data on the children's play were gathered by videotaping in two standardized play settings and one free play setting. Statistically significant differences in the developmental level of play and in playfulness (i.e., the degree of liveliness and joy exhibited) were found between the two groups in all three settings, and the play age of all six children varied by setting. Quantitative data analysis was supported by qualitative findings. Although the differences between the groups cannot be conclusively attributed to hospitalization alone, certain features of the hospital environment appear to have hampered the development of play.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1982

Play in evolution, culture, and individual adaptation: implications for therapy.

In this paper human play is examined from the perspective of its role in evolution. A model of social evolution is proposed to extend the model of biological evolution and to demonstrate the central role of play in the social-evolutionary process. Since in evolution play is a mechanism for its process, it demands species members who are playful. Thus, man is a player by virtue of species membership and the evolutionary pathway of the species. The implications of this deep-seated characteristic of playfulness are discussed in terms of human development. Finally, a set of principles is derived from the evolutionary-developmental characteristics of play. Application of these principles in clinical practice is demonstrated and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The therapeutic use of games with mentally retarded adults.

This article provides conceptualizations of play as a learning and survival behavior and presents findings of a study of the use of games with mentally retarded adults. In this study the aim was to describe both how therapists can use games as therapeutic media and how changes can be observed in the subjects. Along with increases in play, improvement in motor behavior, cognitive abilities, affect, attention, self-confidence, and social interaction was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

A model of human occupation, Part 3, benign and vicious cycles.

Earlier papers in this series conceptualized occupation as an open system phenomenon, with change the central theme. This paper presents an explanation of adaptive and maladaptive changes in the concept of benign and vicious cycles. Hypothetical case material is used to illustrate how the model could be applied to an explanation of change in occupational behavior. The paper also outlines how the concept of benign and vicious cycles, as conceptualized in the present model, can guide clinical intervention.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1980

A model of human occupation, Part 4. Assessment and intervention.

This paper, the last of four, completes the presentation of a model of human occupation. Its purpose is to illustrate how a model of occupation can be applied in clinical practice. Three major assumptions concerning occupational therapy that underlie this model are described, the three parts of the model presented earlier are reviewed, and the use of the model in assessment to generate plans for treatment is discussed. Four case histories are used to demonstrate assessment and intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

A study of mentally retarded persons: applied research in occupational therapy.

An ongoing project is described in which qualitative research was undertaken to guide development of a service program for retarded adults. Several issues concerning the need for research, the type of research, and research methodology appropriate to occupational therapy are discussed. The research activity as well as some findings and supporting data is presented to illustrate how the investigation was conducted and what kinds of information it yielded. Two subsequent discussions focus on how the findings were used to guide program development and add substantive empirical support to occupational behavior theory.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

A model of human occupation, part 1. Conceptual framework and content.

This paper, the first of four, presents the structure and content of a model of occupation. The model is proposed as the first step in the development of paradigm of occupation for the field of occupational therapy and is designed for application in practice and research. It draws upon the theory of open systems to build a structural framework. Concepts relevant to human occupation are integrated into this framework. Subsequent papers will add concepts to the model and demonstrate its application in clinical practice.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

The temporal dimension in the lives of retarded adults: a problem of interaction and intervention.

This paper describes an ethnographic study of temporality among a group of 32 mentally retarded adults. Data were collected by participant observers over a period of 18 months. The findings indicate that retarded individuals may experience and employ a notion of time that varies substantially from that of mainstream American time. This results in problems of interaction and intervention between professionals and these retarded adults. Sociological concepts are proposed for understanding these interactional problems.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1978

General systems theory: implications for theory and action in occupational therapy.

This paper presents a description of the transformation of science under General Systems Theory, and the relationship of this transformation to the field of occupational therapy. Changes in scientific methods of proof and in scientific laws that underlie theory are discussed. The paper presents a scale for recognizing complexity in phenomena and for analyzing the appropriateness of theories designed to explain the phenomena. It also presents the theory of open systems as an alternative to mechanistic explanations of human behavior.

Models, Theoretical↗
PubMed1977

Temporal adaptation: a conceptual framework for occupational therapy.

The concept of temporal adaptation was introduced into the field of occupational therapy early in its development; however, it has not been developed as part of the theoretical backing of the field. This paper re-introduces the theme and provides both a general prospective for the clinician in thinking about patients' temporal behavior and a preliminary framework for application. Temporal adaptation when applied in clinical practice should add a wider perspective to existing clinical interventions. It is proposed as a generically applicable theoretical perspective appropriate across all dysfunctional categories of patients. Two case histories are presented to demonstrate the application of the theoretical framework to intervention.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Volitional Questionnaire: psychometric development and practical use.

This article describes the Volitional Questionnaire and presents recent empirical efforts to develop and validate this instrument. The Volitional Questionnaire is an observational method of gathering data on motivation that is designed for persons who are unable to self-report their own motives. Studies to date suggest that the instrument can provide a valid measure of volition, though a number of limitations of the tool are noted. Implications for use of the Volitional Questionnaire in practice and for further refinement and future research are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of Rasch analysis to produce scale-free measurement of functional ability.

Innovative applications of Rasch analysis can lead to solutions for traditional measurement problems and can produce new assessment applications in occupational therapy and health care practice. First, Rasch analysis is a mechanism that translates scores across similar functional ability assessments, thus enabling the comparison of functional ability outcomes measured by different instruments. This will allow for the meaningful tracking of functional ability outcomes across the continuum of care. Second, once the item-difficulty order of an instrument or item bank is established by Rasch analysis, computerized adaptive testing can be used to target items to the patient's ability level, reducing assessment length by as much as one half. More importantly, Rasch analysis can provide the foundation for "equiprecise" measurement or the potential to have precise measurement across all levels of functional ability. The use of Rasch analysis to create scale-free measurement of functional ability demonstrates how this methodlogy can be used in practical applications of clinical and outcome assessment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evolving narratives in the course of retirement: a longitudinal study.

This paper presents results from the second phase of a longitudinal study of retirement. Data were gathered through interviews with 29 participants (65 to 66 years of age) who had previously been interviewed when they were 63 to 64 years of age and still working. Data were analyzed by characterizing each subject's narrative about retirement in terms of its narrative slope--progressive, stability, or regressive. These current narratives also were compared with the earlier narratives these participants told. It was found that, while anticipatory narratives may predispose persons toward action, they are not so much a fixed "script for action" as an orientation to act within circumstances. While participants' narratives anticipating retirement often turned out as expected, they were sometimes reshaped as a consequence of personal action, external events, and unexpected experiences within new retirement occupations. The study suggests that, while narratives play a role in shaping the direction of persons lives, they also interweave with and change directions as a result of ongoing life events and experiences.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychometric properties of the second version of the Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI-II).

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the validity of the Occupational Identity, Occupational Competency, and Occupational Behavior Settings scales of the second version of the Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI-II). The study also asked whether the scales' items were targeted to and could effectively discriminate between persons at different levels of adaptation. METHOD: Data were collected from 151 raters on 249 subjects from eight countries and in six languages. Many-faceted Rasch analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The items of each scale worked effectively to measure the underlying construct for which they were designed. All three scales validly measured more than 90% of the subjects, who varied by nationality, culture, age, and diagnostic status. Each scale's items were appropriately targeted to the subjects, and all three scales distinguished subjects into approximately three different levels. More than 90% of the raters used the three scales validly and had approximately the same degree of severity or leniency. The scales were valid across subjects with physical dysfunction and psychiatric conditions as well as subjects with no active diagnosed condition. CONCLUSION: The three scales of the OPHI-II are valid across age, diagnosis, culture, and language and effectively measure a wide range of persons. Raters can readily use the OPHI-II validly without formal training.

Adolescent↗