Vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the three major bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) glycoproteins gI, gIII and gIV were used to identify the major target antigens for BHV-1-specific CTL isolated from immune cattle. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expanded in vitro in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and lysed both gIII- and gIV-infected target cells. Secondary in vitro stimulation of PBMC was also performed in the presence of either fixed BHV-1-infected autologous fibroblasts or ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated virus. Both methods of antigen presentation allowed the proliferation of BHV-1-specific CTL but the target glycoprotein for these CTL differed depending on the method of stimulation. Vaccinia-gIV-infected targets were lysed predominantly when PBMC were stimulated by fixed infected fibroblasts, whilst PBMC stimulated by UV-inactivated virus lysed mostly vaccinia-gIII-infected targets. This observation could be explained by a different processing pathway of BHV-1 antigens in each cell type involved.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Not Available].

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Germany↗

PubMed1991

[Can reflexotherapy of the pelvis eliminate or improve a migraine?].

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Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Pilot study of magnesium therapy in migraine and stress headache].

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Adult↗

PubMed1991

Carl Wernicke's localization theory and its significance for the development of scientific psychiatry.

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Germany↗

PubMed1991

[Not Available].

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Germany↗

PubMed1991

[Not Available].

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Historiography↗

PubMed1991

[Not Available].

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Germany↗

PubMed1990

[So-called initial description of phantom pain by Ambroise Paré. "Chose digne d'admiration et quasi incredible": the "douleur ès parties mortes et amputées"].

In his (1552 (1554?) "Harquebusses and other guns" tractate the French surgeon, Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) described the post-amputation syndrome-considered to be the first description of this syndrome--which, on hermaneutic analysis, proves surprisingly complete: Paré differentiated pre-amputation pain ("la douleur ès parties mortes") from post-operative symptoms; he differentiated stump pain from phantom-limb sensations ("faux sentiments"), and he succeeded in distinguishing pain-free exteroceptive sensations--the so-called phantom-limb sensation--from phantom-limb pain proper ("la douleur ès parties amputées"). He characterised the psychogenic pain syndrome ("se plaigner fort"), described protracted, intermittent and delayed courses, as also exogenous modulating factors which--e.g. the weather ("les causes froides")--exacerbate the situation, or--e.g. massage--can also ameliorate it. Furthermore, he made use of psychological factors to combat pain, and rejected the use of multiple peripheral surgery to treat pain. He proposed two neurological models to explain the etiology of phantom-limb pain, one postulating peripheral changes in stump nerves, the other, involving memory, suggesting a cerebral origin, and locating algogenesis in the brain.

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMed1990