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Biomedical subjects

G K Brown

Publications and source records attributed to G K Brown.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Neuropathology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases.

The majority of patients with mitochondrial disease have significant neuropathology, with the most common features being spongiform degeneration, neuronal loss and gliosis. Although there is considerable overlap between different mitochondrial diseases, the nature and distribution of the lesions is sufficiently distinctive in some cases to suggest a specific diagnosis. On the other hand, a number of different defects in cerebral energy metabolism are associated with common patterns of neuropathology (e.g. Leigh syndrome), suggesting that there is a limited range of responses to this type of metabolic disturbance. There are many descriptions of neuropathological changes in patients with mitochondrial disease, but there has been remarkably little investigation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Comparisons with other conditions of cerebral energy deprivation such as ischaemia/hypoxia and hypoglycaemia suggest a possible role for excitotoxicity initiated by excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. An additional contributing factor may be peroxynitrite, which is formed from nitric oxide and the oxygen free radicals which accumulate with defects of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Mitochondrial diseases are often characterized by episodes of neurological dysfunction precipitated by intercurrent illness. Depending on the severity of the metabolic abnormality, each of these episodes carries a risk of further neuronal death and the result is usually progressive accumulation of irreversible damage. The balance between reversible functional impairment and neuronal death during episodes of metabolic imbalance is determined by the effectiveness of various protective mechanisms which may act to limit the damage. These include protective metabolic shielding of neurons by astrocytes and suppression of electrical activity (and hence energy demands) by activation of ATP-gated ion channels. In addition, recent evidence suggests that lactic acid, the biochemical abnormality common to these conditions, may not be toxic at moderately high concentrations but may in fact be protective by reducing the sensitivity of neurons to excitotoxic mechanisms.

Brain↗
PubMed1996

Complementation analysis of systemic cytochrome oxidase deficiency presenting as Leigh syndrome.

Systemic cytochrome oxidase deficiency presenting as Leigh syndrome is a well-defined biochemical entity. Although the enzyme defect is demonstrable in all tissues, clinical abnormalities are restricted to the central nervous system. Biochemical studies comparing rates of synthesis of cytochrome oxidase subunits with the steady-state levels of immunoreactive protein in the mitochondrial inner membrane suggest a defect in assembly or stability of the complex. Family studies suggest that the disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive and somatic cell genetic studies directly implicate nuclear genes. As there are likely to be a number of different nuclear genes involved in the synthesis, assembly and stability of the cytochrome oxidase complex, we have fused patient fibroblasts and analysed the heterokaryons for complementation of the enzyme defect in an attempt to define the extent of genetic heterogeneity in this condition. So far, three complementation groups have been defined, although the majority of patients fall into a single group.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1995

Duplications of mitochondrial DNA in Kearns-Sayre syndrome.

mtDNA duplications were detectable in 10 of 10 patients with mtDNA deletions and Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) and in none of 8 patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). Thus, duplications of mtDNA seem to be a distinctive feature of KSS, including patients where Pearson's syndrome is the first manifestation. Diabetes mellitus was identified in 4 of 7 patients with high or moderate levels of mtDNA duplications. The balance of mtDNA rearrangements may be central to the pathogenesis of this unique group of disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Association of cerebral dysgenesis and lactic acidemia with X-linked PDH E1 alpha subunit mutations in females.

We describe an infant girl who presented at age 4 1/2 months with developmental delay, infantile spasms, hypotonia, and elevated lactate levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. She had minor dysmorphic features. Muscle phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated reduced phosphocreatine and increased inorganic phosphate, suggesting a defect in oxidative energy metabolism. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in cultured fibroblasts was reduced (0.35 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein/min; controls 0.7-1.1 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein/min). Immunoblotting demonstrated a reduced amount of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E1 alpha immunoreactive protein with normal amounts of E2 protein. Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of E1 alpha cDNA prepared from fibroblasts disclosed an abnormal migration pattern, suggesting heterozygosity for a mutant allele. Dideoxy-fingerprinting of PCR-amplified genomic DNA was used to localize the mutation to exon 10. Direct sequencing demonstrated a novel 13-bp insertion mutation that would lead to premature termination of the protein product. This study further extends the allelic heterogeneity underlying PDH deficiency. The demonstration of bioenergetic abnormalities in muscle emphasizes that hypotonia in PDH deficiency may have combined peripheral and central etiologies. The results further suggest that the association of cerebral dysgenesis with lactic acidemia in females may be a useful clue to PDH deficiency.

Acidosis, Lactic↗
PubMed1995

Mitochondrial DNA does not appear to influence the congenital onset type of myotonic dystrophy.

Neither the maternal inheritance pattern nor the early onset of congenital myotonic dystrophy are fully explained. One possible mechanism is that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations might interact with the DM gene product, producing an earlier onset than would otherwise occur. We have used Southern hybridisation to show that high levels of major rearrangements of mtDNA are not present in muscle of five and in blood of 35 patients with congenital myotonic dystrophy. We used sequence analysis to show that no one particular mtDNA morph appears to cosegregate with congenital onset. A minor degree of depletion of mtDNA compared with nuclear DNA was present in the muscle of five patients with congenital DM, but we propose that this is not the primary cause of the muscle pathology but secondary to it. We have not found evidence that mtDNA is involved in congenital myotonic dystrophy.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1995

Team management of atrophic edentulism with autogenous inlay, veneer, and split grafts and endosseous implants: case reports.

Predictable success of autogenous graft and implant reconstructions is critically dependent on preoperative alignment and prosthetic considerations planned by the surgeon and the restorative dentist in a team approach. In such cases the surgeon has an opportunity to place accurate bone grafts that allow implants to be secured in both the correct position and correct axis for good prosthetic restoration. With careful thought, the restorative dentist and surgeon can plan the location, shape, and volume of an implant-graft reconstruction. Nine requirements for successful onlay grating with implants and five case reports illustrating the team approach are presented.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: molecular basis for intrafamilial heterogeneity.

Two half-brothers and their mother had symptomatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. The infants had severe congenital lactic acidosis, seizures, and apneic spells and died at the ages 3 and 4 months. The mother was less symptomatic with mental retardation, truncal ataxia, and dysarthria. The residual pyruvate dehydrogenase activities in cultured skin fibroblasts from the 2 infants and their mother were 7, 15, and 10% of control values. Immunoblot analysis showed negligible amounts of E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of the complex. Northern blot analysis for the E1 alpha subunit showed normal results. In the 2 sons, complementary DNA sequence analysis revealed a cytosine to thymine mutation in exon 4, resulting in a change of arginine 127 to tryptophan in the E1 alpha subunit. Restriction enzyme analysis of the polymerase chain reaction product representing exon 4 of the E1 alpha gene revealed that the mother was a heterozygotes. Complementary DNA restriction analysis and methylation analysis of the X chromosome DXS255 loci revealed skewed activation of the mutant allele, consistent with the deficient pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the mother's fibroblasts. The milder maternal phenotype is consistent with variable X-inactivation patterns in different organs of female heterozygotes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Prenatal diagnosis of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit deficiency.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E1 alpha subunit deficiency is an X-linked inborn error of metabolism affecting males and females with equal frequency. The diagnosis is usually based on determination of enzyme activity, although this may present difficulties in some females because of X-inactivation patterns favouring expression of the normal X chromosome. This is a particular problem for prenatal diagnosis using chorionic villus cells where normal enzyme assay results do not necessarily exclude the diagnosis and confirmatory X-inactivation analysis may be complicated by variable methylation of active and inactive X chromosomes. We describe prenatal diagnosis in two pregnancies in a family following diagnosis of a PDH E1 alpha deficient male. The first prenatal diagnosis was performed by enzyme assay, but by the time of the subsequent pregnancy, the underlying mutation in the affected male had been identified and direct gene analysis was possible. This study highlights the limitations of diagnosis of PDH E1 alpha deficiency based on measurement of the gene product and illustrates the need for mutation analysis in affected individuals.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1994

Metabolic disorders of embryogenesis.

Prevention of major physical malformations would represent a significant reduction in the burden of mortality and morbidity in infants and young children. However, preventive and therapeutic approaches must be based on a clear understanding of underlying pathogenic mechanisms. While it is estimated that single gene defects account for up to 10% of cases of major malformation, relatively few of these have been identified and analysed in detail. The recognition of characteristic patterns of developmental anomalies associated with specific enzyme defects has highlighted the important role of the metabolic environment in normal development and offers the possibility of correlating biochemical abnormalities with particular teratogenic effects. Once it is generally appreciated that some forms of structural malformation have a specific biochemical basis, metabolic studies should be performed more often in patients with major developmental anomalies. This should lead to identification of other examples of diseases of this type and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of human teratogenesis.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1994

Cerebral dysgenesis and lactic acidemia: an MRI/MRS phenotype associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is an intramitochondrial multienzyme complex essential for the aerobic oxidation of glucose. The majority of patients with PDHC deficiency have abnormalities in the major catalytic and regulatory subunit, E1 alpha, which is encoded on the X chromosome. The clinical spectrum of PDHC deficiency is heterogeneous, particularly in heterozygous females, and diagnosis may be difficult. Three affected infant girls with PDHC deficiency were investigated. All had dysmorphic features, microcephaly with profound global developmental delay, and hypotonia. Systemic acidosis was absent, although serum lactate and pyruvate were abnormally elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hypoplasia of the corpus callosum in all patients. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain revealed large increases in relative signal intensities for lactic acid and decreases in the relative signal intensities of N-acetylaspartate, a marker of neuronal damage or less. Phosphorus MRS of muscle revealed abnormally low phosphorylation potentials for all these patients, although the degree of abnormality was variable and not directly correlated with the amount of brain lactate. It is proposed that cerebral dysgenesis and cerebral lactic acidemia as shown by magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy are useful diagnostic clues to PDHC deficiency, particularly in females in whom variable patterns of X-inactivation reduce sensitivity of laboratory diagnosis based on the biochemical studies of peripheral tissues. In addition, muscle bioenergetic abnormalities in conjunction with CNS dysfunction may contribute to profound hypotonia in this disorder.

Acidosis, Lactic↗
PubMed1994

Clinical diversity of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Clinical features, magnetic resonance, and biochemical studies are reported in 7 children with pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency. These findings confirm the diverse clinical presentation of this condition, although neurological abnormalities are consistent features. Imaging results are also varied. Six of the children were investigated with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and lactate was demonstrated in brain in all patients. Regional variation in the lactate signal was observed in those patients in whom 2 regions were examined. Advances in molecular genetics have provided some explanations for the clinical variation in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Brain↗
PubMed1994

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Clinical presentation and molecular genetic characterization of five new patients.

Fibroblast cultures from five patients with early onset severe encephalopathy and lactic acidosis were studied for evidence of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency. Three males had significantly reduced activity (0.29-0.45 nmol/mg protein/min versus normal controls 0.7-1.1 nmol/mg protein/min); two females had PDH activity within the normal range. However, as the majority of cases of PDH deficiency result from defects in the X-linked E1 alpha subunit and both females had biased patterns of X-inactivation (making it impossible to rule out the possibility that they were heterozygous for an E1 alpha gene defect) molecular genetic studies were performed. cDNA from the male patients was sequenced and mis-sense mutations found: Y243N (T-->A) in exon 7, D315A (G-->A) in exon 10 and R378H (G-->A) in exon 11. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of amplified genomic DNA fragments and sequencing revealed a mis-sense mutation M282L (A-->C) in one female and a frameshift mutation caused by insertion of T (R288ins) in the other. Adding to recent descriptions of new mutations, this report emphasizes the allelic heterogeneity of the condition. The identification of mutations in females with a suggestive clinical phenotype, even when peripheral fibroblasts do not show deficient PDH activity, illustrates the importance of molecular analysis of this disease.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Are duplications of mitochondrial DNA characteristic of Kearns-Sayre syndrome?

The phenotypes of Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) are closely associated with deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Recent evidence suggesting that more than one type of rearrangement may be present in KSS led us to reinvestigate 18 patients with KSS or CPEO for the presence of mtDNA rearrangements other than deletion. mtDNA duplication was detectable in 10 of 10 patients with KSS, while deletion monomers were the only recombinant mtDNA easily detectable in eight of eight patients with CPEO. Deletion dimers were found only in cases having duplications. Thus, duplications of mtDNA seem to be a hallmark of KSS, including a patient where Pearson's syndrome was the first manifestation. We suggest that duplication of mtDNA is characteristic of the early-onset disease KSS, and that the balance of mtDNA rearrangements may be central to the pathogenesis of this unique group of disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the relative levels of the 3243 (A-->G) mtDNA mutation in heteroplasmic adult and fetal tissues.

In this report, levels of the 3243 A to G mtDNA mutation associated with the mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome were measured in different heteroplasmic tissues of subjects in a kindred including adults with variable clinical phenotypes and a fetus. The relative proportions of mutant mtDNA varied widely (0.03 to 0.67) between identical tissues of the six different subjects and between different tissues of the same subjects. In the one adult for whom sufficient data were available there was an apparent correlation between the distribution of mutant mtDNA and clinical presentation. A woman without neurological symptoms who died prematurely with a cardiomyopathy and lactic acidosis had higher proportions of mutant in heart (0.49, SD 0.02), skeletal muscle (0.56, SD 0.01), and liver (0.55, SD 0.12) than in other tissues studied (for example, kidney, 0.03, SD 0.01). A strikingly different result was found in a 24 week old fetus in whom there was little variation in heteroplasmy in different tissues (average proportion of mutant mtDNA in six tissues, 0.53, SD 0.02). These observations add cardiomyopathy to the growing list of presenting features of the 3243 mtDNA mutation. The unique results from the fetus suggest also that selection pressures acting on either wild type or 3243 mutant mtDNA (rather than variation from replicative segregation of the heteroplasmic mtDNA) may be responsible primarily for the variable levels of 3243 mutant mtDNA in different heteroplasmic tissues of adults.

Adult↗