Hypertensive encephalopathy: report of a case.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
G J Toffol
Publications and source records attributed to G J Toffol.
Cerebellar venous angiomas. A continuing controversy.
We have studied three patients with angiographically documented cerebellar venous angioma (CVA). One patient had a subacute cerebellar hematoma and underwent posterior fossa craniotomy for evacuation of the hematoma and excision of the malformation. A hemorrhagic venous infarction of the brain stem and cerebellum occurred, and the patient died three weeks postoperatively. A second patient with an unruptured CVA had a history of headaches, tinnitus, and vertigo. Conservative treatment was elected, and the patient's condition remains unchanged after 11 months of follow-up. The third patient, recently diagnosed as having an unruptured CVA had episodic vertigo and disequilibrium. Conservative treatment was chosen, and he is asymptomatic after six months of follow-up. Based on a review of 24 other cases of CVA plus our experience we could not conclude any definite trend regarding natural history or treatment. However, conservative treatment seems the logical choice in patients with unruptured CVA.
Adolescent↗
Confirmation of traumatic interhemispheric subdural hematoma by magnetic resonance imaging.
We report a case of interhemispheric subdural hematoma following closed head injury producing contralateral neurological findings and focal seizures. Non-contrast cranial computed tomography scan was initially reported to be normal, but magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated an interhemispheric subdural hematoma. Head injury, specifically occipital, is the leading cause of interhemispheric subdural hematoma in adults. Most patients develop a "falx syndrome." If adequately interpreted, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showing the appearance of blood on T1- and T2-weighted images can detect interhemispheric subdural hematoma. However, computed tomography scan should always be done first to detect intercranial bleeding, and it should be performed with and without contrast in patients with prior head trauma and delayed bleeds.
Accidental Falls↗
Echocardiographic evaluation of young adults with nonhemorrhagic cerebral infarction.
We reviewed echocardiographic findings in patients aged 15 to 45 years with acute nonhemorrhagic cerebral infarction (NHCI). Among 132 patients with NHCI, 96 (72.7%) had M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, including contrast echocardiography with intravenous saline injection when clinically indicated. Echocardiograms were abnormal in 33 patients. Of these, 7 had other conditions that could cause NHCI. Echocardiography corroborated the clinical diagnosis of a cardiogenic source for cerebral infarction in 17 others. The other 9 had no other clues for cardiovascular disease. Potential etiologies of NHCI diagnosed by echocardiography in these 9 cases included: paradoxical embolism, 5 patients; right atrial myxoma, 1; rheumatic mitral valve vegetation, 1; myxomatous mitral valve (marantic endocarditis at postmortem), 1; and left atrial enlargement associated with decreased left ventricular function, 1. Routine echocardiography frequently conveys useful information in patients under age 45 with NHCI. In young patients with cerebral embolism of unknown etiology if routine M-mode and two dimensional echocardiographic studies are normal, contrast echocardiographic studies should be performed to rule out intracardiac shunts and the possibility of paradoxical cerebral embolism.
Adolescent↗
The predicted value of arteriography in nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage.
We retrospectively assessed the diagnostic value of cerebral arteriography for the search of an etiology in 102 patients with nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhages evaluated between 1980 and 1985. Arteriography was diagnostic in 22 of 50 non-hypertensive patients and in only 6 of 47 hypertensive patients. Five patients with a bleeding diathesis had normal arteriography. From the total group, we found 12 saccular aneurysms, 9 arteriovenous malformations, 3 cases of moya-moya and 3 instances of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. One patient had metastatic choriocarcinoma. Sites of hemorrhage among all patients with diagnostic arteriograms were: lobar 19, intraventricular 5, thalamic 2, caudate 1, and corpus callosum 1. Lobar hemorrhages in the non-hypertensive group and intraventricular hemorrhages in hypertensive individuals had the highest yield of arteriographic abnormalities. We believe cerebral arteriography is indicated in non-hypertensive patients with lobar hemorrhages. Most hypertensive patients, in particular those with putaminal hemorrhages, do not require arteriography.
Angiography↗
Angiography of nonhemorrhagic cerebral infarction in young adults.
The radiographic examinations and hospital records of 93 young adult patients (15-45 years of age) with nonhemorrhagic cerebral infarction evaluated at our institution during the past 9 years were reviewed. The angiographic examinations were abnormal in 76% of patients. The most common abnormalities were embolic disease and atherothrombotic disease. Forty-seven patients underwent angiography within 7 days of their event. There were no major neurologic or systemic complications related to early angiography. We believe that angiography performed early in the course of the illness is a high-yield, safe procedure that may significantly alter the management of acute stroke in young adults.
Adolescent↗
Surgery mandated for bleeding venous angiomas?
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Cerebellar Neoplasms↗