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Biomedical subjects

G J Griffiths

Publications and source records attributed to G J Griffiths.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Middle ear neoplasms showing adenomatous and neuroendocrine components.

Middle ear adenomas are rare epithelial tumours. Reports indicate that neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumours may also occur at this site, often in association with an adenomatous component. The clinico-pathological findings (including C.T. scan appearances) of such a 'mixed' neoplasm are presented together with a brief review of the few previously described cases. The importance of immuno-histochemistry and electron microscopy for accurate pathological diagnosis of these neoplasms is confirmed.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1989

Assessment of volume measurement of the prostate using per-rectal ultrasonography.

A study was made of 100 cadaveric prostates (71 benign glands and 29 invaded by adenocarcinoma) using a technique that enabled per-rectal ultrasonography to be carried out and their volumes measured by computed planimetry. These volumes were compared directly with the actual volumes of the glands measured after dissection from the cadaver specimens. A high degree of correlation was obtained for the measurement of benign glands (r = 0.982) and glands containing cancers confined within the capsule (r = 0.961). Estimation of the size of cancers unconfined to the gland was poor and measurement was not possible with 3 malignant prostates that had extended beyond the prostatic capsule so that the ultrasonic boundary could not be defined.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Structure and per-rectal ultrasonography of prostatic disease using cadaver specimens.

One hundred cadaver prostates were examined by per-rectal ultrasound and the findings correlated with the microradiographic and histopathological features of whole sections taken at the levels of scanning. The normal gland consists of both periurethral muscle and glands. The periurethral muscle has little structure on microradiography and is therefore hypoechoic (low amplitude echoes) on ultrasound scanning. The gland itself, both central and peripheral zones, has a lattice appearance on microradiography (reticular structure) and therefore produces mid-range amplitude echoes on ultrasound. Benign hypertrophy develops at the edge of the periurethral muscle and is microadenomatous in structure. This produces mid-range amplitude echoes which are coarser than in the normal gland. Associated calcification has a characteristic distribution around the adenomas. Cancer produces an amorphous structure resulting in loss of ultrasonic echoes (hypoechoic). In a few cancers irregular calcification is present, resulting in high echoes in the ultrasound scan (hyperechoic) which are not in the typical benign distribution. The internal structure of the prostate was therefore demonstrated in its histopathological states by the technique of microradiography and seen to relate to its representation by ultrasound.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Comparative histopathology, microradiography and per-rectal ultrasonography of the prostate using cadaver specimens.

A technique for examining cadaver prostates by per-rectal ultrasonography has been developed. The ultrasonic plane was defined and corresponding sections taken for microradiographic and histopathological examination. The technique has enabled a comparison to be made of the structural changes that occur in the prostate in disease states and the corresponding ultrasonic features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Bilateral renal cortical abscesses in a young woman with type 1 diabetes.

Serious complications of urinary tract infection, such as papillary necrosis or perinephric abscess, occur more frequently in diabetic patients. However, severe bilateral renal parenchymal infection with multiple intrarenal abscesses is not well recognized. We described an 18-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic woman with such infection, in whom renal imaging showed progression to a major perinephric abscess, but only after 5 weeks of intensive antibiotic therapy. Complete recovery followed surgical drainage and no renal cortical scarring was present on computerized tomographic scan 18 months later.

Abscess↗
PubMed1989

The correlation of histopathological, microradiographic and ultrasonographic features in disease of the prostate gland.

The histopathological, microradiographic and ultrasonographic features of corresponding areas of 100 cadaveric prostates were examined and correlated statistically to investigate their relationship. Benign glands are seen to be related to reticular structure and mid-range echoes. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to microadenomatous structure and mid-range echoes, whilst cancer is related to amorphous structure and low echoes. A small number of cancers have irregular calcification present and these tumours are related to high echoes. The structure of the prostate gland is therefore related to its pathology and explains its ultrasound echogenicity.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Transrectal ultrasound in monitoring response to treatment of prostate disease.

Transrectal ultrasound provides a safe method for repeated assessments of the prostate gland in the follow-up of prostatic cancer. Changes in the echo pattern of the gland may be observed following treatment, but these may be difficult to interpret. The capsule may be restored; the tumor may appear smaller, and in some cases, ultrasound identification of the tumor may become impossible. The total gland volume decreases with chemotherapy and hormonal manipulation (subcapsular orchidectomy or drug-induced). The volume generally decreases after radiotherapy but may show a transient increase if there is some associated radiation proctitis. The rate of decrease of total prostatic volume has not been established as a reliable indicator of the subsequent prognosis. Future studies should assess whether sequential measurements of the tumor volume rather than the total prostatic volume may be a more useful guide to prognosis.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

How accurate is the index finger? A comparison of digital and ultrasound examination of the prostatic nodule.

The per-rectal ultrasound scans and digital assessments of 193 patients with prostatic nodules were analysed retrospectively. There were 88 histologically proven cancers and per-rectal ultrasound demonstrated extracapsular spread of tumour in 36 of these patients. In the diagnosis of prostatic cancer, ultrasound had a sensitivity of 97.6% and a specificity of 93.8% whereas digital examination had a sensitivity of 96.5% and a specificity of 53.3%.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Clinical value of scrotal ultrasound in the investigation of scrotal pathology.

The investigation of scrotal swelling has been aided by the advent of scrotal ultrasound. We have reviewed 100 patients in whom 112 scans were performed. One quarter of this group presented with scrotal pain without swelling. Of these patients, 33% were shown to have normal testes on scan; the remainder all had benign disease. A similar number presented with scrotal pain and swelling and the majority were diagnosed on scan as having epididymitis. Nineteen patients were thought on clinical grounds to have tumours; 6 were proven at operation and all were correctly identified pre-operatively by scanning. Scrotal ultrasound is a useful investigation in the management of both painless and painful scrotal swellings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

X-ray microscopy of the prostate gland.

A technique is described for investigating the internal structure of the prostate gland (including calcification) by projection X-ray microscopy (microradiography). The results show that the technique can be used in conjunction with the corresponding histological preparations to complement the examination of the prostate gland by demonstrating tissue density and the structure and location of microcalcification less than 5 microns in diameter.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

The ultrasound appearances of prostatic cancer with histological correlation.

An analysis of the ultrasound appearances of the prostate with its capsule and periprostatic structures was performed in 221 patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of prostatic cancer. The cancers were histologically graded into well, moderate and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma. The results of this study indicate that an ill-defined hypoechoic area is the commonest appearance of prostatic cancer; this was seen in 96% of our 221 patients. The cancers were staged by ultrasound into confined (T0, T1, T2) and unconfined (T3) cancers. A breach of the capsule was seen in 55% of cases. In this unconfined group all cancers were hypoechoic in comparison with 92% in the confined group. In the confined cancer group the areas of abnormal echogenicity were present in more than one prostatic quadrant in 76%. Mostly commonly two prostatic quadrants were affected. The abnormal echogenicity was noted in the posterior quadrants of the prostate more commonly (58%) than in the anterior quadrants. The prostate gland appeared round in 67%, semicircular in 25% and crescentic in 8%. The gland was symmetrical in 68%. The prostatic capsule appeared regular in 86% of patients with a confined cancer. In 70% of cases of extensive but confined cancer there was loss of demarcation between the central and peripheral zones of the gland. The unconfined cancer group all had a breach of the capsule and all glands were heterogeneous due to hypoechoic areas. The breach affected more than one quadrant in 81% and most commonly the capsular breach involved two prostatic quadrants. An anterior breach of the capsule was noted much more frequently than a posterior breach. Forty-four per cent of cases had three or four quadrants of the gland involved. In 3% of cases of proven prostatic cancer no definite ultrasound abnormality could be detected. Calcification was seen within the gland in association with the cancer in 63% with approximately equal frequency in confined and unconfined disease. The seminal vesicles showed definite evidence of infiltration in 10%. Both seminal vesicles were seen in 61% and thought to be normal. In 8% only one was seen. Failure to demonstrate either seminal vesicle occurred in 21%. There was no correlation between the ultrasound appearances of prostatic cancer and the histological grading of the tumour.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

Prostatic ultrasound.

Ultrasonography is a useful method of imaging the prostate gland. Perrectal ultrasonography may be used in the assessment of the enlarged or nodular prostate. Benign hyperplasia, prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma can be differentiated. In the management of patients with prostatic cancer, per-rectal ultrasound scanning is invaluable in the diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow-up of the disease.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Ultrasonic appearances associated with prostatic inflammation: a preliminary study.

Per-rectal ultrasonography was performed on 40 patients in whom a diagnosis of prostatitis had been made on the basis of symptoms and signs of prostatic inflammation confirmed by bacteriology, microscopy or pH changes of expressed prostatic secretion. Certain ultrasonic features were present in all patients to a variable degree. A change in volume and weight of the prostate could be an indicator of treatment response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The role of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and grey-scale ultrasound in the investigation and treatment of bile duct obstruction.

A total of 123 patients undergoing fine needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in Newport between 1977 and 1981 are reviewed. PTC was well tolerated with a 9 per cent complication rate, a 5 per cent failure rate and no mortality. Of 111 patients in whom a diagnosis of biliary obstruction was subsequently confirmed, PTC showed the presence of obstruction in 94 per cent, its site in 92 per cent and the correct cause in 87 per cent. Eighteen jaundiced patients were spared laparotomy on the basis of the PTC findings. Grey-scale ultrasound scanning was performed in 99 of these patients. Of 93 with subsequently verified biliary obstruction, ultrasound confirmed the presence of obstruction in 66 per cent, its site in 33 per cent and its cause in 29 per cent. It is concluded that PTC is the more useful investigation in the management of biliary obstruction and that its use may avoid unnecessary surgery.

Adult↗