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Biomedical subjects

G Huber

Publications and source records attributed to G Huber.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

Generation of mice with a 200-kb amyloid precursor protein gene deletion by Cre recombinase-mediated site-specific recombination in embryonic stem cells.

Gene disruptions and deletions of up to 20kb have been generated by homologous recombination with appropriate targeting vectors in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. Because we could not obtain a deletion of about 200 kb in the mouse amyloid precursor protein gene by the classical technique, we employed strategies involving the insertion of loxP sites upstream and downstream of the region to be deleted by homologous recombination and elicited excision of the loxP-flanked region by introduction of a Cre expression vector into the ES cells. In the first approach, the loxP sequences were inserted in two successive steps and after each step, ES cell clones were isolated and characterized. Deletion of the loxP-flanked sequence was accomplished by introducing the cre gene in a third step. In the second approach, ES cells containing the upstream loxP cassette were electroporated simultaneously with the downstream loxP targeting vector and the Cre expression plasmid. ES cells were obtained that gave rise to chimeric mice capable of germ-line transmission of the deleted amyloid precursor protein allele.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

beta-APP cognitive function versus beta-amyloid--induced cell death.

The beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) has been hypothesized to play an important role in the establishment of synaptic connections. Icv injections of anti-beta APP antibodies into rat brains produced no appreciable effect on subsequent learning of a passive avoidance task whereas memory assessed 1 day later in a retention test was impaired in anti-beta-APP--but not control-IgG-injected animals. This suggests a possible involvement of beta-APPs in cognitive functions. In order to evaluate the properties of the proteolytic A beta-fragment accumulating in Alzheimer's disease brains, four different neuronal cell types were exposed to A beta 1-42 for 24 hours. All cells degenerated in response to A beta, yet chromosomal condensation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, typical for apoptosis, occurred in only three of the cell types tested. These findings suggest that beta-APPs may play an important role in cognitive processes and additionally, that their alternative proteolytic product A beta may be differentially toxic to neuronal cell types, inducing cell death either by necrosis or by apoptosis.

Amyloid beta-Peptides↗

Regional association of developmental venous anomalies with angiographically occult vascular malformations.

This study reviews the neuroradiological findings of 43 patients with a developmental venous anomaly in order to discuss the clinical significance of this entity. All patients underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced computer tomography and magnetic resonance tomography, as well as selective angiography, and were followed for at least 2 years. In 40% (17 of 43) of patients a cryptic vascular malformation was found in the proximity to the developmental venous anomaly. Neurological symptoms were present in 8 of 17 patients (47%) in this group. Patients with an isolated developmental venous anomaly had symptoms in 19% (5 of 26), but none of them had experienced a hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance was the most sensitive method for the diagnosis of both types of lesions and alterations of the adjacent parenchyma. These results further support that developmental venous anomalies represent a clinically benign entity. However, patients with an association of a developmental venous anomaly and a cryptic vascular malformation are at risk for hemorrhage from their angiographically occult vascular malformation. Magnetic resonance proved to be the imaging modality of choice for both entities and is appropriate for diagnosis and follow-up.

Adolescent↗

[Incidence of postmyelography syndrome and postmyelography complaints after lumbar puncture with the Sprotte pencil-like needle in comparison with the Quincke needle].

PURPOSE: Myelography in combination with a postmyelography CT is an important presurgical examination because of its excellent visualisation of the disc, the bone and the contrast-filled dura. Side effects after myelography can be observed in up to 50% of patients. The pathophysiological mechanism is thought to be increased cerebrospinal fluid leakage at the puncture site. Since the introduction by Sprotte in 1979 of the pencil-point needle, a modification of Whitacre's needle, fewer complaints after lumbar puncture have been reported. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of two types of needle points and the temperature (37 degrees C vs 21 degrees C) of the contrast medium (CM; iotrolan, Isovist) on the incidence of side effects of lumbar puncture for myelography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective randomized trial the incidence of complaints after lumbar puncture with intrathecal CM application was evaluated by the use of a 21-G pencil-point needle as modified by Sprotte compared to our usual 22-G needle with a Quincke bevel. Some 412 patients (201 female, 211 male; mean age 54.05 +/- 7.4 years) were investigated. Directly after examination and 1. 3 and 5 days later the patients were questioned about complaints (headache, neck stiffness nausea, vomiting, buzzing in the ear and dizziness). The results were tested by the chi square test. RESULTS: A significantly lower incidence of complaints was seen after lumbar puncture with the pencil-point needle/Quincke needle (headache: 6.3%/18.9%, P < 0.0001; headache lasting 3 days: 0.5%/7.8%, P < 0.0001; headache lasting 5 days: 0%/2.4%, P = 0.0305; nausea: 0%/4.9%, P = 0.0009; vomiting: 0%/3.4%, P = 0.0009; dizziness: 0%/3.4%, P = 0.0074; neck stiffness: 0%/3.4%, P = 0.0074). The temperature of the CM had no influence on the complaints. No influence was seen on the quality of the myelogram. No relation to sex and age was found. CONCLUSION: Complaints after lumbar puncture and myelography are caused by the cerebrospinal fluid leakage at the puncture site. The incidence of side effects related to this leakage can be reduced by using a pencil-point needle. The temperature of the CM has no influence on the complaints.

Adolescent↗

[Biomechanics of the shoulder and therapeutic applications].

The influence of biomechanics in surgery of the locomotor apparatus has been constantly increasing over the last few decades. The purpose of this study was to determine wether biomechanical studies can significantly influence therapy and treatment of shoulder injuries, especially shoulder instability. The investigation was performed on 23 fresh human specimens with intact capsular ligaments of the glenohumeral joint. A Bankart lesion from 3 o'clock to 6 o'clock was repaired, and a Bankart repair and anterior inferior capsular shift, as described by Neer, were performed. The measurement was done on six clinically relevant positions of instability: superior, anterior, anterior-inferior, inferior, posterior-inferior, posterior. Measurement was done using a specially developed strain-gauge system. It was demonstrated that both instability and too much stability of the shoulder joint lead to a significant change in shoulder biomechanics. The anatomical O-position of the glenohumeral joint in 110 degrees of abduction is a position of about 60 degrees of external rotation compared to the O-position for clinical measurement. From the therapy point of view, one has to ask for anatomical reconstruction instead of tight repair in soft-tissue repair in the glenohumeral joint. Immediate post-operative rehabilitation in a 60 degrees range of motion is possible.

Adult↗

Cloning and functional expression of a metalloendopeptidase from human brain with the ability to cleave a beta-APP substrate peptide.

Using a combination of PCR and hybridization screening, we have isolated a cDNA clone for a metalloendopeptidase (h-MP78) from a human temporal cortex library. This 2.5-kb cDNA encodes a 689-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 78.5 kDa. The primary structure of h-MP78 exhibits high similarity to those of porcine (94%) and rat (92%) thimet oligopeptidase. Expression of the cDNA in HEK-293 resulted in the production of an active enzyme able to cleave a chromogenic beta-APP derived substrate peptide KTEEISEVKM-P-nitro-anilide. RNA blot analysis of various human tissues revealed one major species of h-MP78 mRNA of approximately 2.55 kb. The highest level of mRNA was found in the brain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Circadian rhythm of vital signs, norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and cortisol in schizophrenia.

Changes in the circadian rhythmicity in vital signs, catecholamines, thyroid hormones, and cortisol have been observed in psychiatric disorders, most notably in depression. With respect to schizophrenia, the literature is scanty. We report here on the circadian parameter estimates of the vital signs, epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, and cortisol in the blood of 34 healthy subjects, 89 drug-free schizophrenic patients, and 25 neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients. The analyses are based on the cosine model to fit the experimental data. The circadian profiles of heart rate, blood pressure, and oral temperature are similar among schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. Neuroleptic-treated patients have significantly higher MESORs (the daily mean) of serum norepinephrine and epinephrine than healthy subjects. The TSH MESOR is significantly lower in schizophrenic patients; the MESOR of triiodothyronine also shows a tendency to be nonsignificantly lower in schizophrenic patients compared with control subjects. The circadian serum thyroxine and cortisol profiles are similar in the three groups. The data show that the circadian profiles of vital signs in drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients who are not chronically hospitalized are similar to those of healthy subjects and that the increase in serum catecholamines and the apparent lowering in some thyroid indices might induce a down-regulation in the noradrenergic receptor system that could contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗

Inflammatory processes induce beta-amyloid precursor protein changes in mouse brain.

In Alzheimer disease, a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors may contribute to changes in beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, beta-amyloid peptide deposition, and neuronal loss. Factors such as head injury or acute infection that trigger inflammatory processes may play a crucial role in development of the disease. In the present in vivo study, we showed that, in mouse brain, peripheral stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a transient increase in the inflammatory cytokine mRNAs (interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 6), followed by changes in expression of APP isoforms in the cerebellum but not in the cerebral cortex. These changes consisted of a decrease in the APP-695 and an increase in the Kunitz protease inhibitor-bearing isoforms (KPI-APP). In the cerebellum of the staggerer mouse mutant, where a severe loss of Purkinje and granule cells occurs, basal mRNA levels of these interleukins were elevated and an increase in the KPI-APP/APP-695 ratio compared to wild-type mice was observed. These abnormalities were further accentuated by LPS stimulation. This study shows that acute and chronic inflammatory processes play an important role in changes in APP expression possibly associated with neurodegeneration.

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor↗

A biotechnological method provides access to aggregation competent monomeric Alzheimer's 1-42 residue amyloid peptide.

Senile plaques, a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, consist primarily of insoluble aggregates of beta-amyloid peptide (A beta). A 42-residue peptide (A beta 1-42) appears to be the predominant form. In contrast to A beta 1-40, A beta 1-42 is characterized by its extreme tendency to aggregate into fibers or precipitate. A tailored biotechnological method prevents aggregation of A beta 1-42 monomers during its production. The method is based on a protein tail fused to the amino terminus of A beta. This tail leads to a high expression in E. coli, and a histidine affinity tag facilitates purification. Selective cleavage of the fusion tail is performed with cyanogen bromide by immobilizing the fusion protein on a reversed phase chromatography column. Cleavage then occurs only at the methionine positioned at the designed site but not at the methionine contained in the membrane anchor sequence of A beta. Furthermore, immobilization prevents aggregation of cleaved A beta. Elution from the HPLC column and all succeeding purification steps are optimized to preserve A beta 1-42 as a monomer. Solutions of monomeric A beta 1-42 spontaneously aggregate into fibers within hours. This permits the investigation of the transition of monomers into fibers and the correlation of physico-chemical properties with biological activities. Mutations of A beta 1-42 at position 35 influence the aggregation properties. Wild-type A beta 1-42 with methionine at position 35 has similar properties as A beta with a methionine sulfoxide residue. The fiber formation tendency, however, is reduced when position 35 is occupied by a glutamine, serine, leucine, or a glutamic acid residue.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Apoptotic cell death induced by beta-amyloid 1-42 peptide is cell type dependent.

beta-Amyloid peptide (A beta), a proteolytic fragment of the beta-amyloid precursor protein, is a major component of senile plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. This neuropathological feature is accompanied by increased neuronal cell loss in the brain and there is evidence that A beta is directly neurotoxic. In the present study reduced cell viability in four different neuroblastoma cell types was observed after treatment with human A beta 1-42 for 1 day. Of the cell types tested rat PC12 and human IMR32 cells were most susceptible to A beta toxicity. Chromosomal condensation and fragmentation of nuclei were seen in PC12, NB2a, and B104 cells but not in IMR32 cells irrespective of their high sensitivity to A beta. Electrophoretic analysis of cellular DNA confirmed internucleosomal DNA fragmentation typical for apoptosis in all cell types except IMR32. These findings suggest that the form of A beta-induced cell death (necrosis or apoptosis) may depend on the cell type.

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor↗

[Prodromal symptoms in schizophrenia].

This review deals with the opinions and findings of the last six decades regarding occurrence, frequence, and phenomenology of precursor stages of schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses. Already in his classical delineation of the onset of schizophrenia Mayer-Gross (1932) differentiated between uncharacteristic and characteristic precursors of schizophrenia and anticipated essential aspects of the concept of basic stages and basic symptoms which has been gradually developed by clinical psychiatrists and psychologists since the 50s. In his monograph "The beginning schizophrenia" Conrad (1958) resumed the "promisingly undertaken, but prematurely coming to a standstill" work of the descriptive-phenomenological psychopathology of the Heidelberg School (Jaspers, K. Schneider, Mayer-Gross, Gruhle) and investigated systematically early abnormalities of behaviour with the method of morpho-analysis. However, the study of Conrad refers already to the onset of the first psychotic episode, the "trema" which is not identical with the outpost syndromes and prodromes in the sense of Mayer-Gross and the authors of the basic symptom concept. The "trema" is characterized mainly by disorders of behaviour and expression, the precursor syndromes by dynamic and cognitive basic deficiencies, experiential and not behavioural in kind, typically only recognizable by the self-reports of the patients. The ability of recognition and realization of the basic symptoms as complaints and disorders and to develop coping strategies was the presupposition for a standardized survey and assessment of basic symptoms in the Frankfurt Questionnaire (FBF) and the Bonn Schedule for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms (BSABS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗

Significant reversibility of alcoholic brain shrinkage within 3 weeks of abstinence.

Chronic alcoholism is often associated with brain shrinkage or atrophy. During recent years, it has been demonstrated that this shrinkage is, at least in part, reversible when abstinence is maintained. There are different hypotheses concerning the mechanisms for this reversibility, but many questions are still open. Especially the time conditions for these reversible changes are subject of discussion. Twenty-eight male patients with severe alcohol dependence were investigated in a computed tomographic study at the beginning of abstinence and 3 weeks later. Planimetric evaluation of 5 selected slices revealed a significant decrease in liquor areas and an increase of brain volume. The densitometric analysis showed an increase in brain tissue density. In a multiple regression approach it was shown that the reversibility was mostly influenced by the age of the patients. Our results support neither the hypothesis of an increase in brain water as the most important principle for reversibility in alcoholic brain shrinkage nor the hypothesis of augmented dendritic growth. Other mechanisms like reduced (during chronic intoxication) and normalized (during abstinence) cerebral hemoperfusion have to be considered as possible mechanisms for the reversibility of alcoholic brain shrinkage.

Adult↗

[Manometric and clinical long-term outcome after grade III perineal rupture].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the manometrical and clinical long-term results following a tear III. PATIENTS: 27 Primiparae with a tear III following a spontaneous vaginal delivery were retrospectively compared with 22 Primiparae without sphincter injury (follow-up: 27 months). METHODS: Water-Perfusion-Manometry and clinical assessment (modified Kelly-Score). Manometric parameter (at rest and during contraction): sphinctertone and - length, vectorvolume, radial asymmetry. Wilcoxon-Text (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Tear III patients showed a significant decrease in sphincter length and vector volume both at rest and during contraction. On clinical assessment there was no difference. CONCLUSION: A tear III weakens the anal sphincter by decreasing sphincter length and vector volume. This weakness can be demonstrated only manometrically but not clinically.

Adult↗

[Angiographic quantification of stenoses of the internal carotid artery].

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The method of measuring cartid stenosis is under discussion since different methods of quantifying carotid stenosis were used in the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) and the European Carotid Stenosis Trial (ECST). METHODS: Angiograms from 80 patients (105 cases of stenosis of the internal carotid artery), performed in a simultaneous biplanar manner, were retrospectively analyzed using the NASCET, the ECST method and a method based on measurement of the common carotid (CC) artery lumen diameter. Each linear measurement was converted into the ¿squared¿ method (NASCET2, ECST2, CC2). The linear NASCET and ECST measurements of both views (stenosis 1, stenosis 2) were used to calculate the biplanar stenosis according to the formula: stenosis = stenosis 1 + stenosis 2 - stenosis 1 * stenosis 2, and termed ¿local stenosis ECST-bi¿ and ¿distal related stenosis NASCET-bi¿ Furthermore each stenosis was approximated by two neuroradiologists. RESULTS: Direct visualization proved agreement with measured local stenosis ECST-bi. Squared methods correlated exactly with linear measurements (Spearmancorrelation), thus providing no further data. Biplanar calculation caused considerable change in the order of the stenosis. The different results of the local stenosis ECST-bi and the distal related stenosis NASCET-bi are not contradictory, but complementary. CONCLUSIONS: Direct visualization should be replaced by measurement of the local stenosis ECST-bi. Biplanar calculation seems to give a better estimate of the degree of the stenosis, causing questions since the results of ECST and NASCET cannot be applied.

Adult↗