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Biomedical subjects

G Hines

Publications and source records attributed to G Hines.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Effects of lithium and rubidium on immune responses of rats.

Rats were treated with LiCl or RbCl in drinking water for 65 days. Spleen cells from both treated groups exhibited significantly greater proliferative responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than those from untreated controls. Responses to concanavalin A (Con A) were not affected. Cytotoxic activities of natural killer (NK) cells from both treated groups were significantly less than those from untreated controls. In vitro, Li augmented responses of spleen cells to LPS, but the same doses of Rb suppressed the responses. Effects on responses to Con A were variable. Both Li and Rb alone had a small mitogenic effect on spleen cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Lithium effects on adjunctive alcohol consumption. III: FT-shock as the inducing schedule.

Under conditions in which a mild shock (0.5 mA, 200 msec) was delivered, independently of the subject's behavior, every 90 sec (an FT 90-sec shock schedule), subjects receiving chronic lithium chloride in their drinking water (25 mEq/l), showed a rapid acquisition of an adjunctive alcohol consumption, while subjects in the control groups did not. Following termination of the FT-shock condition (extinction), subjects in all groups showed an increase in alcohol consumption, relative to both baseline and adjunctive levels.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1986

Lithium effects on adjunctive alcohol consumption in rats.

Rats receiving chronic administration of lithium chloride (20 mEq/l) in their drinking water were tested for acquisition of adjunctive alcohol (10% v/v) consumption. Contrary to expectations, subjects receiving lithium acquired the adjunctive drinking more rapidly, and under less optimal conditions, than did control subjects. The high death rate in subjects receiving lithium while undergoing a concurrent alcohol withdrawal suggests that particular caution must be observed when lithium is used in the treatment of alcoholics.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1986

Effects of lithium and rubidium on shock-induced changes in open-field activity.

Lithium chloride and rubidium chloride were tested under conditions in which the effects of their chronic administration on aversively-controlled behavior could be assessed. Lithium attenuated shock-induced suppression of open-field activity when that suppression was under the control of mild or moderate stimulus parameters, but had no effect on the suppression produced by the presence of shock itself. Rubidium, on the other hand, increased shock-induced suppression under all conditions. When shock was removed and extinction of the activity suppression was investigated, lithium subjects failed to return to their original baseline activity levels, while subjects receiving rubidium recovered baselines in a manner indistinguishable from that observed in control animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Lithium effects on adjunctive alcohol consumption. I: Comparison with adjunctive water consumption.

Chronic administration of lithium chloride (20 mEq/l, in drinking water) produced an earlier onset of the adjunctive consumption of both water and alcohol. Terminal consumption levels, however, were unaffected by either lithium or the liquid available for consumption. The rate of increase, once drinking was initiated, was slower for lithium subjects than it was for controls. Under extinction conditions, adjunctive alcohol consumption showed no evidence of decline for either lithium or control subjects. Water consumption by control subjects did decrease considerably as a result of extinction. Subjects receiving lithium, however, maintained their intake of water at terminal adjunctive drinking levels.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1986

Lithium effects on adjunctive alcohol consumption. II: Effects of adding concurrent shock.

Rats receiving chronic administration of lithium chloride (20 mEq/l) in their drinking water were tested for adjunctive alcohol (10% v/v) consumption in which temporally scheduled, noncontingent shock delivery was added following the establishment of food delivery-based adjunctive alcohol intake. The addition of shock to the eliciting schedule produced an initial reduction in alcohol consumption (Lithium subjects took longer to reach maximal suppression of drinking than did Controls), with a subsequent return to preshock levels for both groups. The reduction in alcohol consumption seen in control subjects following the discontinuation of food and shock delivery (extinction) was interpreted as suggesting that adding conflict/stress to established drinking conditions may facilitate subsequent extinction of that drinking behavior. Lithium subjects produced an initial suppression of drinking, with alcohol consumption returning to adjunctive levels by the end of the extinction series, suggesting that lithium decreases conflict/stress effects, that it impairs extinction processes, that it increases the reinforcing value of alcohol, or that it produces a combination of the three outcomes.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1985

Lithium effects on position learning with exploratory and aversive goal-box conditions.

Under conflict conditions in which reinforcement occurred within mildly aversive white goal-boxes, the chronic administration of lithium chloride (20 meg/l, in drinking water) to rats, while reducing avoidance of the goal boxes, impaired acquisition of an exploration-reinforced position discrimination. These results were interpreted as supporting the concept that lithium salts reduce the individual's reaction to general environmental stimulation--an effect which may account for its therapeutic action in the treatment of manic disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

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